ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical efficacy of Maxing Loushi decoction in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （AECOPD） with phlegm turbidity obstructing lung syndrome， and to investigate its effects on inflammatory factors， immune function， and the programmed death-1（PD-1）/programmed death-ligand 1 （PD-L1） signaling pathway. MethodsA randomized controlled study was conducted， enrolling 90 hospitalized patients with AECOPD and phlegm turbidity obstructing lung syndrome in the Respiratory and Emergency Departments of Dongzhimen Hospital， Beijing University of Chinese Medicine， from April 2024 to December 2024. Patients were randomly assigned to a control group and an observation group using a random number table， with 45 patients in each group. The control group received conventional Western medical treatment， while the observation group received additional Maxing Loushi decoction for 14 days. Clinical efficacy， COPD Assessment Test （CAT） score， modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale （mMRC）， 6-minute walk test （6MWT）， serum inflammatory factors， T lymphocyte subsets， and serum PD-1/PD-L1 levels were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. ResultsThe total clinical effective rate was 78.57% （33/42） in the control group and 95.35% （41/43） in the observation group， with the observation group showing significantly higher efficacy than that of the control group. The difference was statistically significant （χ² = 5.136， P<0.05）. After treatment， both groups showed significant reductions in CAT and mMRC scores （P<0.05， P<0.01） and significant increases in 6MWT compared to baseline （P<0.01）. The observation group demonstrated significantly greater improvements than the control group in this regard. Levels of inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein （CRP）， procalcitonin （PCT）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， monocyte chemoattractant protein-1（MCP-1）， and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α （MIP-1α） were significantly reduced in both groups （P<0.05， P<0.01）， with greater reductions in the observation group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. CD8⁺ levels were significantly reduced （P<0.01）， while CD3⁺， CD4⁺， and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ levels were significantly increased in both groups after treatment （P<0.05， P<0.01）， with more significant improvements observed in the observation group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Serum PD-1 levels were reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and PD-L1 levels were increased significantly in both groups after treatment （P<0.05， P<0.01）， with more pronounced changes in the observation group （P<0.05）. ConclusionMaxing Loushi decoction demonstrates definite therapeutic efficacy as an adjunctive treatment for patients with AECOPD and phlegm turbidity obstructing lung syndrome. It contributes to reducing serum inflammatory factors， improving immune function， and regulating the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical efficacy of Maxing Loushi decoction in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （AECOPD） with phlegm turbidity obstructing lung syndrome， and to investigate its effects on inflammatory factors， immune function， and the programmed death-1（PD-1）/programmed death-ligand 1 （PD-L1） signaling pathway. MethodsA randomized controlled study was conducted， enrolling 90 hospitalized patients with AECOPD and phlegm turbidity obstructing lung syndrome in the Respiratory and Emergency Departments of Dongzhimen Hospital， Beijing University of Chinese Medicine， from April 2024 to December 2024. Patients were randomly assigned to a control group and an observation group using a random number table， with 45 patients in each group. The control group received conventional Western medical treatment， while the observation group received additional Maxing Loushi decoction for 14 days. Clinical efficacy， COPD Assessment Test （CAT） score， modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale （mMRC）， 6-minute walk test （6MWT）， serum inflammatory factors， T lymphocyte subsets， and serum PD-1/PD-L1 levels were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. ResultsThe total clinical effective rate was 78.57% （33/42） in the control group and 95.35% （41/43） in the observation group， with the observation group showing significantly higher efficacy than that of the control group. The difference was statistically significant （χ² = 5.136， P<0.05）. After treatment， both groups showed significant reductions in CAT and mMRC scores （P<0.05， P<0.01） and significant increases in 6MWT compared to baseline （P<0.01）. The observation group demonstrated significantly greater improvements than the control group in this regard. Levels of inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein （CRP）， procalcitonin （PCT）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， monocyte chemoattractant protein-1（MCP-1）， and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α （MIP-1α） were significantly reduced in both groups （P<0.05， P<0.01）， with greater reductions in the observation group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. CD8⁺ levels were significantly reduced （P<0.01）， while CD3⁺， CD4⁺， and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ levels were significantly increased in both groups after treatment （P<0.05， P<0.01）， with more significant improvements observed in the observation group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Serum PD-1 levels were reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and PD-L1 levels were increased significantly in both groups after treatment （P<0.05， P<0.01）， with more pronounced changes in the observation group （P<0.05）. ConclusionMaxing Loushi decoction demonstrates definite therapeutic efficacy as an adjunctive treatment for patients with AECOPD and phlegm turbidity obstructing lung syndrome. It contributes to reducing serum inflammatory factors， improving immune function， and regulating the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway.

Objective:To explore the therapeutic methods and drug-symptom patterns of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) at different stages under the guidance of the " three-stage differentiated management" principle.Methods:Under the three-stage principle, 133 IPF prescriptions treated by prof. Yan Jun from 2017.2-2023.12 were analyzed. Disease and category information of each eligible case was entered into the " FangNet" platform. Association and cluster analyses were performed for core herbs, key herb pairs, and symptom-drug relationships, aiming to uncover the clinical medication characteristics and rules in the three stages.Results:(1) Early inflammatory stage: phlegm-stasis harassment, incipient but unformed masses, superficial disease location; priority was dispelling wind, dispersing pathogen, clearing lung and resolving phlegm-commonly used: ephedra, stemona, processed pinellia, peucedanum, armeniaca. (2) Mid injury stage: formed phlegm-stasis, struggle of pathogen and healthy Qi, impaired lung collaterals, obstructive phlegm-stasis, excess pathogen with intact healthy Qi; emphasis on expelling pathogen, resolving phlegm, activating blood and dredging collaterals-e.g., angelica, pheretima, bombyx, scorpio. (3) Late fibrotic stage: healthy Qi deficiency with excess pathogen, phlegm-stasis masses entrenched in collaterals; treatment focuses on tonifying lung and dissolving masses, combining dredging and tonifying to regulate Qi and blood-e.g., pinellia, rhodiola, ginseng, gecko.Conclusions:Phlegm-stasis as excess pathogen and dual deficiency of lung-kidney run through all three stages of IPF. The rise and fall of healthy Qi vs pathogen and the degree of mass formation determine stage-specific therapeutic strategies and drug-pattern adjustments.

Objective To investigate the expression characteristics and clinical diagnostic value of programmed death receptor 1(PD-1)and its corresponding ligand(PD-L1)in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD).Methods One hundred and sixty COPD patients who visited Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine from April 2024 to November 2024 were included and divided into an acute exacerbation group of 100 cases and a stable group of 60 cases according to the severity of the disease.Additionally,40 healthy volunteers during the same period were recruited as the control group.The general clinical data of the patients were collected.Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Assessment Test(CAT)and Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Questionnaire(mMRC)Scale were used to test the severity of the disease;respiratory function testing was performed and fasting venous blood was collected for serum PD-1 and PD-L1 testing.Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between serum PD-1,PD-L1,CAT,and mMRC,and multiple logistic regression analysis to identify the influencing factors of AECOPD.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was drawn to evaluate the diagnostic value of serum PD-1 and PD-L1 level for AECOPD.Results Serum PD-1 level in the stable COPD group and AECOPD group was significantly increased compared with that in the control group,while serum PD-L1 level was significantly decreased,showing statistical significance(P<0.05);The level of PD-1 gradually increased with the grading of lung function and the deterioration of AECOPD,with statistical significance(P<0.05);Pearson correlation showed that serum PD-1 level was positively correlated with CAT scores in COPD patients,while negatively with CAT scores,showing statistical significance(P<0.05);Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that elevated levels of serum inter-leukin-6(IL-6),neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio(NLR),and PD-1 were risk factors for AECOPD,while elevated level of PD-L1 was protective factor for AECOPD(P<0.05);ROC curve showed that the levels of PD-1,PD-L1,IL-6,NLR,and the area under the ROC curve(AUC)for their combined prediction of AECOPD diagnosis were 0.884,0.867,0.868,0.802,and 0.995,respectively.Conclusion Serum PD-1 and PD-L1 in AECOPD patients have presented certain expression characteristics,with elevated PD-1 level while decreased PD-L1 level.Both have good clinical diagnostic value for AECOPD.

Objective:To explore the application value of integrated Chinese and western medicine in the treatment of sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC) induced by bacterial pneumonia sepsis.Methods:A total of 60 inpatients with bacterial pneumonia and sepsis admitted to the Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine from October 2023 to June 2024 were collected in a cross-sectional study. Serum samples were collected, and immune indexes, coagulation function and some laboratory test results of the patients were detected or recorded. Sepsis Associated Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) score were evaluated.Results:Among the 60 patients, 71.7%( n=43) were associated with coagulation disorder, 65%( n=39) showed hemorrhagic SIC; A total of 37 patients (61.7%) were treated with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine, and 23 patients (38.3%) were treated with Western medicine. The main types of syndrome differentiation were toxic-heat syndrome ( n=48, 80.0%) and blood-stasis syndrome ( n=11, 18.3%). Serum human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and platelet count (PLT) in patients with blood stasis syndrome were significantly lower than those in toxic-heat syndrome (all P<0.05). In patients with bacterial pneumonia sepsis, the total score of syndrome of excess of fu-viscera (Fu-shi-zheng) was positively correlated with programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) ( r=0.293, P=0.023) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) ( r=0.436, P=0.001). The total score of toxin-heat syndrome ( r=0.323, P=0.016) and excess of fu-viscera syndrome ( r=0.354, P=0.008) were positively correlated with prothrombin time (PT). PD-1 was positively correlated with SOFA score ( r=0.343, P=0.007) and APACHE Ⅱ score ( r=0.354, P=0.006). The PD-1 level and SOFA and APACHE Ⅱ scores of the patients treated with integrated Chinese and western medicine were significantly lower than those treated with Western medicine alone (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The combined intervention of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine based on " Fuzheng Touxie Jiedu (The method of strengthening the body and removing the toxin)" has strong clinical guiding significance, and can effectively improve the immune function and prognosis of bacterial pneumonia SIC.

Objective:To observe the effects of Maxing Loushi decoction on the inflammatory response and inflammatory indicators in mice with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) models.Methods:Thirty-six BALB/C mice were randomly divided into 4 groups by random number table method: 10 mice in the COPD model group (referred to as the model group), 10 mice in the Maxing Loushi decoction group (referred to as the traditional Chinese medicine group), 10 mice in the programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) inhibitor group (referred to as the control group), and 6 mice in the normal group. The COPD models of mice in the model group, the traditional Chinese medicine group and the control group were prepared by cigarette smoking combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction method. During the modeling process, the model group and the traditional Chinese medicine group were respectively given normal saline and Maxing Loushi decoction by gavage. The control group was given intraperitoneal injection of PD-1 inhibitor, while the normal group was given intragastric administration of normal saline. Pathological changes of lung tissues in each group of mice were detected by HE staining. The levels of inflammatory factors [monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)] in the plasma and alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of mice in each group were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effects of Maxing Loushi decoction intervention on inflammatory responses and inflammatory factors were evaluated.Results:The lung tissue structure in the normal group was basically normal. There was no thickening of the alveolar walls, no infiltration of neutrophils in the tissues, and no obvious inflammatory infiltration. In the model group, the lung tissue structure was slightly abnormal. A small amount of alveolar atrophy could be observed, the alveolar walls were slightly thickened, and inflammatory infiltration could be seen. In the traditional Chinese medicine group, the lung tissue structure was slightly abnormal. A small amount of alveolar atrophy and collapse could be observed, the alveolar walls were not thickened, and individual neutrophil infiltration could be seen in the tissue. In the control group, the lung tissue structure was slightly abnormal, some alveoli atrophied, and a small amount of neutrophil infiltration could be seen in the tissue. The levels of MCP-1 and MIP-1α in plasma and lavage fluid of the model group were significantly higher than those of the normal group (all P<0.05), while the levels of MCP-1 and MIP-1α in plasma and lavage fluid of the traditional Chinese medicine group and the control group were significantly lower than those of the model group (all P<0.05). Moreover, the levels of plasma MCP-1 and MIP-1α in the traditional Chinese medicine group were significantly lower than those in the control group (all P<0.05), while there was no statistically significant difference in the levels of MCP-1 and MIP-1α in alveolar lavage fluid between the traditional Chinese medicine group and the control group (all P>0.05). The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in plasma and alveolar lavage fluid of the model group were significantly higher than those of the normal group (all P<0.05), while the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in plasma and alveolar lavage fluid of the traditional Chinese medicine group and the control group were significantly lower than those of the model group (all P<0.05). Moreover, the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in plasma and alveolar lavage fluid of the traditional Chinese medicine group were significantly lower than those of the control group (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The intervention of Maxing Loushi decoction has a significant improvement effect on the inflammatory response of COPD model mice. Inflammatory factors such as MCP-1, MIP-1α, IL-6, and TNF-α can be used as indicators to determine the degree of COPD inflammation.

Objective To investigate the expression characteristics and clinical diagnostic value of programmed death receptor 1(PD-1)and its corresponding ligand(PD-L1)in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD).Methods One hundred and sixty COPD patients who visited Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine from April 2024 to November 2024 were included and divided into an acute exacerbation group of 100 cases and a stable group of 60 cases according to the severity of the disease.Additionally,40 healthy volunteers during the same period were recruited as the control group.The general clinical data of the patients were collected.Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Assessment Test(CAT)and Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Questionnaire(mMRC)Scale were used to test the severity of the disease;respiratory function testing was performed and fasting venous blood was collected for serum PD-1 and PD-L1 testing.Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between serum PD-1,PD-L1,CAT,and mMRC,and multiple logistic regression analysis to identify the influencing factors of AECOPD.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was drawn to evaluate the diagnostic value of serum PD-1 and PD-L1 level for AECOPD.Results Serum PD-1 level in the stable COPD group and AECOPD group was significantly increased compared with that in the control group,while serum PD-L1 level was significantly decreased,showing statistical significance(P<0.05);The level of PD-1 gradually increased with the grading of lung function and the deterioration of AECOPD,with statistical significance(P<0.05);Pearson correlation showed that serum PD-1 level was positively correlated with CAT scores in COPD patients,while negatively with CAT scores,showing statistical significance(P<0.05);Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that elevated levels of serum inter-leukin-6(IL-6),neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio(NLR),and PD-1 were risk factors for AECOPD,while elevated level of PD-L1 was protective factor for AECOPD(P<0.05);ROC curve showed that the levels of PD-1,PD-L1,IL-6,NLR,and the area under the ROC curve(AUC)for their combined prediction of AECOPD diagnosis were 0.884,0.867,0.868,0.802,and 0.995,respectively.Conclusion Serum PD-1 and PD-L1 in AECOPD patients have presented certain expression characteristics,with elevated PD-1 level while decreased PD-L1 level.Both have good clinical diagnostic value for AECOPD.

Objective:To explore the application value of integrated Chinese and western medicine in the treatment of sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC) induced by bacterial pneumonia sepsis.Methods:A total of 60 inpatients with bacterial pneumonia and sepsis admitted to the Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine from October 2023 to June 2024 were collected in a cross-sectional study. Serum samples were collected, and immune indexes, coagulation function and some laboratory test results of the patients were detected or recorded. Sepsis Associated Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) score were evaluated.Results:Among the 60 patients, 71.7%( n=43) were associated with coagulation disorder, 65%( n=39) showed hemorrhagic SIC; A total of 37 patients (61.7%) were treated with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine, and 23 patients (38.3%) were treated with Western medicine. The main types of syndrome differentiation were toxic-heat syndrome ( n=48, 80.0%) and blood-stasis syndrome ( n=11, 18.3%). Serum human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and platelet count (PLT) in patients with blood stasis syndrome were significantly lower than those in toxic-heat syndrome (all P<0.05). In patients with bacterial pneumonia sepsis, the total score of syndrome of excess of fu-viscera (Fu-shi-zheng) was positively correlated with programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) ( r=0.293, P=0.023) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) ( r=0.436, P=0.001). The total score of toxin-heat syndrome ( r=0.323, P=0.016) and excess of fu-viscera syndrome ( r=0.354, P=0.008) were positively correlated with prothrombin time (PT). PD-1 was positively correlated with SOFA score ( r=0.343, P=0.007) and APACHE Ⅱ score ( r=0.354, P=0.006). The PD-1 level and SOFA and APACHE Ⅱ scores of the patients treated with integrated Chinese and western medicine were significantly lower than those treated with Western medicine alone (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The combined intervention of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine based on " Fuzheng Touxie Jiedu (The method of strengthening the body and removing the toxin)" has strong clinical guiding significance, and can effectively improve the immune function and prognosis of bacterial pneumonia SIC.

Objective:To observe the effects of Maxing Loushi decoction on the inflammatory response and inflammatory indicators in mice with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) models.Methods:Thirty-six BALB/C mice were randomly divided into 4 groups by random number table method: 10 mice in the COPD model group (referred to as the model group), 10 mice in the Maxing Loushi decoction group (referred to as the traditional Chinese medicine group), 10 mice in the programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) inhibitor group (referred to as the control group), and 6 mice in the normal group. The COPD models of mice in the model group, the traditional Chinese medicine group and the control group were prepared by cigarette smoking combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction method. During the modeling process, the model group and the traditional Chinese medicine group were respectively given normal saline and Maxing Loushi decoction by gavage. The control group was given intraperitoneal injection of PD-1 inhibitor, while the normal group was given intragastric administration of normal saline. Pathological changes of lung tissues in each group of mice were detected by HE staining. The levels of inflammatory factors [monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)] in the plasma and alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of mice in each group were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effects of Maxing Loushi decoction intervention on inflammatory responses and inflammatory factors were evaluated.Results:The lung tissue structure in the normal group was basically normal. There was no thickening of the alveolar walls, no infiltration of neutrophils in the tissues, and no obvious inflammatory infiltration. In the model group, the lung tissue structure was slightly abnormal. A small amount of alveolar atrophy could be observed, the alveolar walls were slightly thickened, and inflammatory infiltration could be seen. In the traditional Chinese medicine group, the lung tissue structure was slightly abnormal. A small amount of alveolar atrophy and collapse could be observed, the alveolar walls were not thickened, and individual neutrophil infiltration could be seen in the tissue. In the control group, the lung tissue structure was slightly abnormal, some alveoli atrophied, and a small amount of neutrophil infiltration could be seen in the tissue. The levels of MCP-1 and MIP-1α in plasma and lavage fluid of the model group were significantly higher than those of the normal group (all P<0.05), while the levels of MCP-1 and MIP-1α in plasma and lavage fluid of the traditional Chinese medicine group and the control group were significantly lower than those of the model group (all P<0.05). Moreover, the levels of plasma MCP-1 and MIP-1α in the traditional Chinese medicine group were significantly lower than those in the control group (all P<0.05), while there was no statistically significant difference in the levels of MCP-1 and MIP-1α in alveolar lavage fluid between the traditional Chinese medicine group and the control group (all P>0.05). The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in plasma and alveolar lavage fluid of the model group were significantly higher than those of the normal group (all P<0.05), while the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in plasma and alveolar lavage fluid of the traditional Chinese medicine group and the control group were significantly lower than those of the model group (all P<0.05). Moreover, the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in plasma and alveolar lavage fluid of the traditional Chinese medicine group were significantly lower than those of the control group (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The intervention of Maxing Loushi decoction has a significant improvement effect on the inflammatory response of COPD model mice. Inflammatory factors such as MCP-1, MIP-1α, IL-6, and TNF-α can be used as indicators to determine the degree of COPD inflammation.

Objective:To explore the therapeutic methods and drug-symptom patterns of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) at different stages under the guidance of the " three-stage differentiated management" principle.Methods:Under the three-stage principle, 133 IPF prescriptions treated by prof. Yan Jun from 2017.2-2023.12 were analyzed. Disease and category information of each eligible case was entered into the " FangNet" platform. Association and cluster analyses were performed for core herbs, key herb pairs, and symptom-drug relationships, aiming to uncover the clinical medication characteristics and rules in the three stages.Results:(1) Early inflammatory stage: phlegm-stasis harassment, incipient but unformed masses, superficial disease location; priority was dispelling wind, dispersing pathogen, clearing lung and resolving phlegm-commonly used: ephedra, stemona, processed pinellia, peucedanum, armeniaca. (2) Mid injury stage: formed phlegm-stasis, struggle of pathogen and healthy Qi, impaired lung collaterals, obstructive phlegm-stasis, excess pathogen with intact healthy Qi; emphasis on expelling pathogen, resolving phlegm, activating blood and dredging collaterals-e.g., angelica, pheretima, bombyx, scorpio. (3) Late fibrotic stage: healthy Qi deficiency with excess pathogen, phlegm-stasis masses entrenched in collaterals; treatment focuses on tonifying lung and dissolving masses, combining dredging and tonifying to regulate Qi and blood-e.g., pinellia, rhodiola, ginseng, gecko.Conclusions:Phlegm-stasis as excess pathogen and dual deficiency of lung-kidney run through all three stages of IPF. The rise and fall of healthy Qi vs pathogen and the degree of mass formation determine stage-specific therapeutic strategies and drug-pattern adjustments.