The brain-gut interaction theory is a multidimensional integrative concept based on the brain-gut axis， involving neural， endocrine， and immune regulatory networks as well as the gut microbiota. Zang-fu organs （脏腑） theory in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） shows a high degree of consistency with the brain-gut interaction theory， and the core functions such as the spleen and stomach governing the ascending of the clear and descending of the turbid， the liver governing the free flow of qi， and the heart governing mental and emotional activities are closely associated with the multi-level regulatory mechanisms of the brain-gut axis. TCM therapy can modulate brain-gut interactions through multiple pathways in the treatment of spleen and stomach diseases， including the regulation of gastrointestinal hormone secretion， neurotransmitter levels， the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal （HPA） axis， immune homeostasis and inflammatory responses， as well as the gut microecology. However， current basic research on the brain-gut interaction theory in TCM for spleen and stomach diseases still faces several challenges， such as difficulties in integrating TCM spleen-stomach theory with modern pathophysiology， lack of innovation in research concepts， and limitations in research methodologies. It is therefore proposed that multidisciplinary collaboration， multi-omics technologies， and targeted research approaches should be adopted to provide more comprehensive methods for basic research on TCM spleen and stomach diseases， thereby promoting the in-depth development of brain-gut interaction theory.

This paper systematically reviews the core concepts and lines of theoretical inheritance of major spleen-stomach theories in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， including spleen deficiency theory， spleen-stomach damp-heat theory， and liver-spleen disharmony theory. It is found that these theories have all undergone a developmental trajectory characterized by classical foundation， refinement of therapeutic methods， systematization of pathogenesis， and modern innovation. The evolution of spleen-stomach theory has achieved a shift from a singular focus on tonifying the spleen to regulating dynamic middle-jiao （焦） balance， and from localized spleen-stomach regulation to the circular movement of qi involving all five zang organs. In terms of modern disease-syndrome integrative research， spleen deficiency syndrome is shown to be closely associated with impairment of the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier， metabolic disorders， and gene polymorphisms related to Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric diseases. Spleen-stomach damp-heat syndrome is closely linked to hyperactive energy metabolism， inflammatory cytokines， and abnormal expression of aquaporins. Liver-spleen disharmony syndrome is mainly associated with dysregulation of the brain-gut axis and microbiota-related metabolic disorders. It is proposed that future research on spleen-stomach diseases and syndromes should further elucidate their potential multidimensional differential biological characteristics， thereby promoting the modernization of the TCM discipline of spleen-stomach studies.

This paper outlines the development of artificial intelligence （AI） and its applications in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） research， and elucidates the roles and advantages of large language models， knowledge graphs， and natural language processing in advancing syndrome identification， prescription generation， and mechanism exploration. Using spleen-stomach diseases as an example， it demonstrates the empowering effects of AI in classical literature mining， precise clinical syndrome differentiation， efficacy and safety prediction， and intelligent education， highlighting an upgraded research paradigm that evolves from data-driven and knowledge-driven approaches to intelligence-driven models. To address challenges related to privacy protection and regulatory compliance in cross-institutional data collaboration， a "trusted federated evidence-based analysis platform for TCM spleen-stomach diseases" is proposed， integrating blockchain-based smart contracts， federated learning， and secure multi-party computation. The deep integration of AI with privacy-preserving computing is reshaping research and clinical practice in TCM spleen-stomach diseases， providing feasible pathways and a technical framework for building a high-quality， trustworthy TCM big-data ecosystem and achieving precision syndrome differentiation.

Objective To analyze the screening results of prostate cancer(PCa)based on the serum prostate-specific antigen(PSA)level in middle-aged and elderly men in Kaifeng,so as to provide reference for optimizing the early screening strategy of PCa.Methods A multicenter cross-sectional design was adopted to analyze the serum PSA test results of male residents aged 52 to 94 collected from 14 community health service stations in Kaifeng during Jul.2024 and Apr.2025. Participants with PSA ≥4 μg/L were recommended to undergo prostate biopsy at a tertiary grade A hospital for a confirmed diagnosis.Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of referral compliance.The PSA positivity rate,referral loss rate,puncture willingness rate,and biopsy positivity rate were calculated.Results A total of 2812 men received free PSA screening.Among them,248 had abnormal PSA(≥4 μg/L),with a positive rate of 8.8%(248/2812).Only 105 cases were successfully referred to a tertiary grade A hospital,with a referral rate of 42.3%(105/248),and the referral loss rate reached 57.7%.Fifty-seven patients were advised to undergo prostate biopsy,but only 23 actually underwent prostate biopsy,and the willingness rate was 40.4%(23/57).Fourteen cases were diagnosed with PCa and the positive rate of prostate biopsy was 60.9%(14/23).The overall detection rate of PCa was 0.5%(14/2812).In the screening stage,the median PSA was 6.7(4.8-11.2)μg/L.The Spearman correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between participant age and PSA level(r_s=0.28,P＜0.001).In the diagnostic stage,only 40.4% of the referred patients underwent prostate biopsy,and the loss rate reached 59.6%.The median PSA in the PCa group was significantly higher than that in the non-PCa group(9.8 μg/L vs. 5.1 μg/L,P=0.002).Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that advanced age(OR=1.08)and educational level of primary school or below(OR=3.32)were independent influencing factors for referral disorders(P＜0.001).In terms of screening efficacy,the overall biopsy positivity rate was 5.6%(14/248).Conclusion Conducting PCa screening based on PSA testing among middle-aged and elderly male residents can significantly increase the detection rate of clinically meaningful PCa,thereby improving the overall prognosis of patients.However,insufficient referral compliance(only 42.3%)and low puncture willingness rate(only 40.4%)have limited the screening benefits.Therefore,the research suggests that measures such as strengthening health education,popularizing relevant knowledge,and providing referral support are needed to reduce the churn rate.

ObjectiveTo investigate the in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of the triterpenoid saponin-enriched fraction Fr.B4 from the She medicine Clematis florida (C. florida) in a rat model of phenol-induced cervicitis and to preliminarily explore its potential mechanisms of action. MethodsThirty 6–8-week-old female SPF-grade SD rats were randomly assigned to three groups: control, cervicitis model, and C. florida treatment group, with 10 rats in each group. The model and C. florida treatment groups were induced with cervicitis by vaginal injection of 25% phenol gel (once every 2 d, for a total of three injections), and the vulva and cervix were examined to assess the effectiveness of model establishment. After successful modeling, the C. florida treatment group was administered Fr.B4 at 290 mg/kg daily by gavage (dissolved in normal saline), whereas the model group received an equal volume of normal saline; both treatments continued for 2 weeks. The control group received no modeling procedure and was administered normal saline for 2 weeks. After the last intervention, fresh feces and urine samples were collected from all rats. The rats were euthanized after anesthesia with 40 mg/kg Zoletil 50, and the serum and cervical tissue samples were harvested. ELISA was used to measure the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in rat serum and cervical tissue. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was performed to observe the pathological changes in cervical tissue. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to analyze differential metabolites in feces and urine, followed by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment and core metabolite analysis. 16S rDNA sequencing was used to assess the gut microbiota structure and diversity in each group. Statistical analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism 9.0. ResultsCompared with the control group, rats in the model group exhibited cervical redness, swelling, and erosion, with significant increases in TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in both serum and cervical tissue (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Pathological examination of cervical tissue showed thickening of the squamous epithelium, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and edema. Compared with the model group, rats with C. florida treatment showed marked alleviation of cervicitis symptoms, with significantly reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum and cervical tissue (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Cervical tissue edema was alleviated, inflammatory cells were reduced, and squamous epithelium thickening was ameliorated. Metabolomics analysis revealed 346 and 564 differential metabolites in the feces and urine between the model and control groups, respectively. After treatment with Fr.B4, 236 and 451 metabolites in the feces and urine showed significant shifts toward control levels, involving pathways including cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, and glutathione metabolism. Anti-inflammatory metabolites like boswellic acid and oleanolic acid were increased (P<0.01 or P<0.001). Gut microbiota analysis showed dysbiosis in the model group, with an imbalance in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. The Fr.B4 treatment remodeled the gut microbiota. The α-diversity of microbiota shifted toward that of the control group. Specific bacterial genera were found to correlate significantly with metabolites (P<0.05 or P<0.01). ConclusionThe triterpenoid saponin-enriched fraction Fr.B4 from She medicine C. florida may exert anti-cervicitis effects by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, modulating the gut microbiota balance, and remodeling metabolism.

Objective To analyze the hearing screening effect of newborns in Ningbo City and provide references for further promoting neonatal hearing screening.Methods Otoacoustic emission was applied to screen the hearing of 835 323 newborns in Ningbo City from 2013 to 2023.Those who failed the initial screening were re-checked within 30 to 42 days.Those who failed the re-checking were referred to the municipal hearing diagnosis center for audiological diagnosis.The diagnosis data were enrolled,analyzed,and reported.Results Among a total of 835 323 newborns,828 043 of them actually underwent hearing screening,with an initial screening rate of 99.13％,761 369 newborns passed the initial screening with an initial screening pass rate of 91.95％.64 580 newborns were re-checked with a re-checking rate of 96.86％.There were 10 487 newborns re-checking failures,with a re-checking failure rate of 16.24％.A total of 10 164 cases were diagnosed with hearing loss,with a diagnosis rate of 96.92％.There were 323 cases of loss to follow-up with a loss to follow-up rate of 3.08％.A total of 1582 cases of hearing loss were diagnosed,with an incidence of hearing abnormalities of 1.91‰.Among the 1582 confirmed cases of hearing abnormalities,the diagnosis rate within 3 months was 12.01％,within 6 months was 57.90％,and within 12 months was 90.52％.The average diagnosed age was(7.21±6.55)months,while the median diagnosed age was 5.70 months.Conclusion The initial screening rate,initial screening pass rate,re-screening rate,re-checking recall rate,and diagnosis rate of Ningbo City have met the requirements of the guidelines and are at a leading level in China.The next step is to upgrade the information network to improve the diagnosis rate at 3 months of age,the intervention rate at 6 months of age,and the follow-up management of children with hearing loss are the key points in the future work of neonatal hearing screening.

Objective To investigate the geographical distribution patterns and influencing factors of suitable habitats for the desert medicinal plant Cynomorium songaricum Rupr under current climatic conditions;To provide a basis for its resource conservation and sustainable utilization.Methods The MaxEnt model was used to analyze potential suitable habitats for Cynomorium songaricum Rupr.Geographical Detector model was used to identify key environmental factors affecting habitat suitability.Surface cover data were overlaid to assess the distribution of sandy and Gobi regions within suitable habitats,enabling a quantitative evaluation of actual potential suitable areas.Results Model predictions indicated a total suitable habitat area of approximately 2.98×106 km2,representing 30.99%of China's mainland area.Highly suitable habitats are concentrated in desert and Gobi regions of Gansu,Xinjiang,Inner Mongolia,Qinghai and Ningxia.Among climatic factors,precipitation of the coldest quarter(bio19),solar radiation in August(srad8),and mean temperature of the coldest quarter(bio11)significantly influence Cynomorium songaricum Rupr distribution.The interaction between temperature and solar radiation intensity exhibited the highest explanatory power for habitat distribution patterns(q=0.82).Overlay analysis with surface cover data estimated the actual potential suitable area at approximately 9.70×105 km2,with sandy regions comprising 5.73×105 km2 and Gobi regions 3.98×105 km2.Conclusion By integrating multi-source data and modeling approaches,this study delineates the potential suitable habitats for Cynomorium songaricum Rupr across China and evaluates the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of suitable habitats in Cynomorium songaricum Rupr.These findings offer a foundation for conserving wild Cynomorium songaricum Rupr resources,optimizing ecological planting regions,and promoting sustainable industry development.

Objective:To investigate human factors underlying radiotherapy planning safety incidents and quantitatively explore their interrelationships.Methods:A total of 1 619 safety incidents recorded in the automated plan checking system developed by West China Hospital of Sichuan University were utilized. Human factors were identified and statistically analyzed using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). A Bayesian network model was developed and combined with sensitivity analysis for quantitative assessment.Results:Key contributing factors included organizational processes (12.89%), inadequate supervision (11.85%), and personnel factors (13.50%). Utilizing the established HFACS Bayesian network hybrid model in conjunction with sensitivity analysis, it has been found that the most significant influences on skill‐based errors and decision errors were condition of operators and environmental factors, with corresponding indices of 0.96 and 0.76. Additionally, personnel factors had the greatest impact on routine, with an index of 3.51.Conclusions:Key contributing factors span all HFACS levels, with organizational processes, supervision, personnel, and condition of operators each playing a significant role. Upstream factors — such as organizational climate, environment factors, and personnel factors — strongly influence downstream risks. These offer actionable insights for developing targeted safety protocols.

Objective To investigate the mechanism by which AGE receptor(RAGE)antagonist FPS-ZM1 inhibits AGE accumulation and promotes wound repair in rats with diabetic foot ulcer(DFU).Methods A total of 30 SD rats were divided into normal control(Con)group,sham operation group(Sham),DFU group,FPS-ZM1 treatment group(DFU+FPS-ZM1),and phosphate buffer saline treatment group(DFU+PBS),with 6 rats in each group.Masson staining was used to evaluate the wound surface structure.ELISA was used to detect the expression of AGE,TNF-α,matrix metalloproteinase 9(MMP-9),and VEGF proteins in serum and tissues,and Western blot method was used to test the expression of RAGE,VEGF receptor(VEGFR),CD31,and nuclear factor κB(NF-κB)proteins.Results Compared with the Con and Sham groups,the collagen fibers had less indigo staining,disordered arrangement and sparse distribution in DFU group.Compared with the DFU and DFU+PBS groups,the DFU+FPS-ZM1 group showed obvious blue staining of collagen fibers in the wound granulation tissue,and the number of deposition layers was relatively neat and orderly.Compared with Sham group,the expressions of AGE,TNF-α and MMP-9 proteins,NF-κB and RAGE proteins in serum and tissues were increased(P<0.05),and the expressions of VEGF protein and CD31 and VEGFR proteins in serum and tissues were decreased in DFU group(P<0.05).Compared with DFU group,the expressions of AGE,TNF-α and MMP-9 proteins,NF-κB and RAGE proteins in serum and tissues decreased(P<0.05),and the expression of VEGF protein and CD31 and VEGFR proteins in serum and tissues increased in DFU+FPS-ZM1 group(P<0.05).Compared with DFU+FPS-ZM1 group,the expressions of AGE,TNF-α and MMP-9 proteins,NF-κB and RAGE proteins in serum and tissues increased(P<0.05),and the expressions of VEGF protein,CD31 and VEGFR proteins in serum tissues decreased in DFU+PBS group(P<0.05).Conclusions The RAGE antagonist FPS-ZM1 down-regulates MMP-9 and up-regulates VEGF by inhibiting the NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway,and promotes DFU wound healing.

Objective To investigate the mechanism by which cancer-associated fibroblast(CAF)in the tumor microenvironment regulate key pathways in prostate cancer stem cells(PCSCs).Methods An in vitro co-culture system of CAF and PCSC was established to observe the effects of CAF on PCSC proliferation and sphere formation.Prostate cancer stem cells were treated with CAF conditioned medium pre-treated with Wnt inhibitor DKK-1 and SDF-1 neutralizing anti-body(MAB310).Western blot was used to detect the expression of β-catenin,CXCR4,CD133 and CD44 in PCSCs.And PCR was used to detect the expression of β-catenin,CXCR4,TCF,and LEF mRNA.TOPflash/FOPflash dual-luciferase reporter assays were conducted to detect the effects of SDF-1 on Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity in PCSCs.Results ELISA results showed that the secretion of Wnt3a and SDF-1 in CAF supernatant was significantly higher than that in WPMY-1 cells(P＜0.05).The A value of PCSCs co-cultured with CAF at a 1∶6 ratio was significantly higher than that of the PCSC-only group(P＜0.0 1),and CAF promoted sphere formation in PCSCs(P＜0.05).Western blot results showed that CAF-CM significantly increased the relative expression of β-catenin,CXCR4,CD133 and CD44 in PCSCs(P＜0.01).Compared to CAF-CM,CAFanti-Wnt-CM significantly reduced the expression of β-catenin,CD133 and CD44(P＜0.01).CAFanti-SDF-1-CM also significantly inhibited the expression of CXCR4,β-catenin,CD133 and CD44(P＜0.01).PCR results showed that CAFanti-SDF-1-CM inhibited the expression of β-catenin,CXCR4 and downstream Wnt signaling effectors TCF and LEF(P＜0.01).Dual-luciferase reporter assay results showed that luciferase activity in the CAFanti-SDF-1-CM group was significantly lower than that in the CAF-CM group(P＜0.05).Conclusion CAF reg-ulates the stemness of PCSCs through the Wnt/β-catenin and SDF-1/CXCR4 pathways.CXCR4 may enhance the mainte-nance of stemness by activating β-catenin.