[Abstract] Autophagy, as an important intracellular metabolic pathway, has been proved to be ubiquitous in many kinds of cells. Its functional impairment can easily cause lots of diseases, such as cancer, leukemia, liver disease, diabetes and heart disease. In particular, autophagy is important for the development, differentiation and regulation of immune function of T lymphocytes. Abnormal autophagy of T lymphocytes can cause immune dysfunction and lead to diseases, such as inflammation, infection and autoimmunity. In view of the important role of autophagy in regulating T lymphocyte function and disease, this article illustrates the research progress on autophagy regulating the homeostasis, survival, proliferation, senescence, metabolism, immune function of T lymphocytes and many diseases, including tumors, in recent years.

ObjectiveTo investigate the influencing factors for the clinical effect of emergency endoscopic therapy in the treatment of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure and gastroesophageal variceal bleeding. MethodsA total of 51 patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure and gastroesophageal variceal bleeding who underwent emergency endoscopic therapy in Beijing Shijitan Hospital and The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2016 to December 2018 were enrolled, among whom 26 had successful hemostasis and 25 had failed hemostasis. The two groups were compared in terms of general information, varices grade and bleeding manifestations under endoscope, blood biochemical parameters, ultrasound findings, Child-Pugh class, and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, and the influencing factors for the outcome of hemostasis were analyzed. The t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups, and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups; the logistic regression model was used to perform the multivariate analysis. ResultsOf all patients, 26 achieved successful hemostasis, with a success rate of hemostasis of 51%. There were no significant differences between the two groups in sex, age, etiology of liver cirrhosis, presence or absence of liver cancer, presence or absence of portal vein thrombosis, bleeding for the first time or not, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, platelet count, prothrombin time activity, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, albumin, cholinesterase, MELD score, and bleeding site and bleeding manifestations under gastroscope (all P＞0.05). Compared with the failed hemostasis group, the successful hemostasis group had a significantly longer course of disease (t=2.760, P=0.008) and significantly larger portal vein diameter and diameter of varicose veins under endoscope (t=-4.847, χ2=-6.590, both P＜0.05), and the failed hemostasis group had a significantly higher proportion of patients with Child-Pugh class C disease than the successful hemostasis group (χ2=5.684, P=0.017). Course of liver cirrhosis (odds ratio ［OR］=0.913, 95% confidence interval ［CI］: 0.838-0.994, P＜0.05), portal vein diameter (OR=1.925,95%CI: 1.516-2.443, P＜0.05), and diameter of varicose veins (OR=23.254, 95%CI: 2.250-240.352, P＜0.05) were independent influencing factors for the clinical effect of endoscopic hemostasis. ConclusionThere is a relatively low success rate of emergency endoscopic hemostasis in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure, and course of liver cirrhosis, portal vein diameter, and diameter of varicose veins are independent influencing factors for the clinical effect of endoscopic hemostasis.