The identification of suitable seed cells represents a critical scientific problem to be solved in the field of oral and maxillofacial bone tissue regeneration. The application of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in tissue and organ repair and regeneration has been studied extensively. In recent years, dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells have also shown broad application prospects in the field of bone tissue engineering. DFAT cells express stem cell-related markers and have the potential to differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, nerve cells, cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. In addition, DFAT cells also have the advantages of minimally invasive acquisition, strong proliferation and high homogeneity. Currently, all studies involving the application of DFAT cells in scaffold-based and scaffold-free bone tissue engineering can confirm their effectiveness in promoting bone regeneration. However, cytological research still faces some challenges, including relatively low cell culture purity, unclear phenotypic characteristics and undefined dedifferentiation mechanisms. It is believed that with the continuous development and improvement of isolation, culture, identification and directional induction of osteogenic differentiation methods, DFAT cells are expected to become excellent seed cells in the field of oral and maxillofacial bone tissue engineering in the future.

The identification of suitable seed cells represents a critical scientific problem to be solved in the field of oral and maxillofacial bone tissue regeneration.The application of adipose-derived stem cells(ASCs)in tissue and organ repair and regeneration has been studied extensively.In recent years,dedifferentiated fat(DFAT)cells have also shown broad application prospects in the field of bone tissue engineering.DFAT cells express stem cell-related markers and have the potential to differentiate into adipocytes,osteoblasts,chondrocytes,nerve cells,cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells.In addition,DFAT cells also have the advantages of minimally invasive acquisition,strong proliferation and high homogeneity.Currently,all studies involving the application of DFAT cells in scaffold-based and scaffold-free bone tis-sue engineering can confirm their effectiveness in promoting bone regeneration.However,cytological research still faces some challenges,including relatively low cell culture purity,unclear phenotypic characteristics and undefined dediffer-entiation mechanisms.It is believed that with the continuous development and improvement of isolation,culture,identi-fication and directional induction of osteogenic differentiation methods,DFAT cells are expected to become excellent seed cells in the field of oral and maxillofacial bone tissue engineering in the future.

The identification of suitable seed cells represents a critical scientific problem to be solved in the field of oral and maxillofacial bone tissue regeneration.The application of adipose-derived stem cells(ASCs)in tissue and organ repair and regeneration has been studied extensively.In recent years,dedifferentiated fat(DFAT)cells have also shown broad application prospects in the field of bone tissue engineering.DFAT cells express stem cell-related markers and have the potential to differentiate into adipocytes,osteoblasts,chondrocytes,nerve cells,cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells.In addition,DFAT cells also have the advantages of minimally invasive acquisition,strong proliferation and high homogeneity.Currently,all studies involving the application of DFAT cells in scaffold-based and scaffold-free bone tis-sue engineering can confirm their effectiveness in promoting bone regeneration.However,cytological research still faces some challenges,including relatively low cell culture purity,unclear phenotypic characteristics and undefined dediffer-entiation mechanisms.It is believed that with the continuous development and improvement of isolation,culture,identi-fication and directional induction of osteogenic differentiation methods,DFAT cells are expected to become excellent seed cells in the field of oral and maxillofacial bone tissue engineering in the future.

The identification of suitable seed cells represents a critical scientific problem to be solved in the field of oral and maxillofacial bone tissue regeneration.The application of adipose-derived stem cells(ASCs)in tissue and organ repair and regeneration has been studied extensively.In recent years,dedifferentiated fat(DFAT)cells have also shown broad application prospects in the field of bone tissue engineering.DFAT cells express stem cell-related markers and have the potential to differentiate into adipocytes,osteoblasts,chondrocytes,nerve cells,cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells.In addition,DFAT cells also have the advantages of minimally invasive acquisition,strong proliferation and high homogeneity.Currently,all studies involving the application of DFAT cells in scaffold-based and scaffold-free bone tis-sue engineering can confirm their effectiveness in promoting bone regeneration.However,cytological research still faces some challenges,including relatively low cell culture purity,unclear phenotypic characteristics and undefined dediffer-entiation mechanisms.It is believed that with the continuous development and improvement of isolation,culture,identi-fication and directional induction of osteogenic differentiation methods,DFAT cells are expected to become excellent seed cells in the field of oral and maxillofacial bone tissue engineering in the future.

The identification of suitable seed cells represents a critical scientific problem to be solved in the field of oral and maxillofacial bone tissue regeneration.The application of adipose-derived stem cells(ASCs)in tissue and organ repair and regeneration has been studied extensively.In recent years,dedifferentiated fat(DFAT)cells have also shown broad application prospects in the field of bone tissue engineering.DFAT cells express stem cell-related markers and have the potential to differentiate into adipocytes,osteoblasts,chondrocytes,nerve cells,cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells.In addition,DFAT cells also have the advantages of minimally invasive acquisition,strong proliferation and high homogeneity.Currently,all studies involving the application of DFAT cells in scaffold-based and scaffold-free bone tis-sue engineering can confirm their effectiveness in promoting bone regeneration.However,cytological research still faces some challenges,including relatively low cell culture purity,unclear phenotypic characteristics and undefined dediffer-entiation mechanisms.It is believed that with the continuous development and improvement of isolation,culture,identi-fication and directional induction of osteogenic differentiation methods,DFAT cells are expected to become excellent seed cells in the field of oral and maxillofacial bone tissue engineering in the future.

The identification of suitable seed cells represents a critical scientific problem to be solved in the field of oral and maxillofacial bone tissue regeneration.The application of adipose-derived stem cells(ASCs)in tissue and organ repair and regeneration has been studied extensively.In recent years,dedifferentiated fat(DFAT)cells have also shown broad application prospects in the field of bone tissue engineering.DFAT cells express stem cell-related markers and have the potential to differentiate into adipocytes,osteoblasts,chondrocytes,nerve cells,cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells.In addition,DFAT cells also have the advantages of minimally invasive acquisition,strong proliferation and high homogeneity.Currently,all studies involving the application of DFAT cells in scaffold-based and scaffold-free bone tis-sue engineering can confirm their effectiveness in promoting bone regeneration.However,cytological research still faces some challenges,including relatively low cell culture purity,unclear phenotypic characteristics and undefined dediffer-entiation mechanisms.It is believed that with the continuous development and improvement of isolation,culture,identi-fication and directional induction of osteogenic differentiation methods,DFAT cells are expected to become excellent seed cells in the field of oral and maxillofacial bone tissue engineering in the future.

The identification of suitable seed cells represents a critical scientific problem to be solved in the field of oral and maxillofacial bone tissue regeneration.The application of adipose-derived stem cells(ASCs)in tissue and organ repair and regeneration has been studied extensively.In recent years,dedifferentiated fat(DFAT)cells have also shown broad application prospects in the field of bone tissue engineering.DFAT cells express stem cell-related markers and have the potential to differentiate into adipocytes,osteoblasts,chondrocytes,nerve cells,cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells.In addition,DFAT cells also have the advantages of minimally invasive acquisition,strong proliferation and high homogeneity.Currently,all studies involving the application of DFAT cells in scaffold-based and scaffold-free bone tis-sue engineering can confirm their effectiveness in promoting bone regeneration.However,cytological research still faces some challenges,including relatively low cell culture purity,unclear phenotypic characteristics and undefined dediffer-entiation mechanisms.It is believed that with the continuous development and improvement of isolation,culture,identi-fication and directional induction of osteogenic differentiation methods,DFAT cells are expected to become excellent seed cells in the field of oral and maxillofacial bone tissue engineering in the future.

The identification of suitable seed cells represents a critical scientific problem to be solved in the field of oral and maxillofacial bone tissue regeneration.The application of adipose-derived stem cells(ASCs)in tissue and organ repair and regeneration has been studied extensively.In recent years,dedifferentiated fat(DFAT)cells have also shown broad application prospects in the field of bone tissue engineering.DFAT cells express stem cell-related markers and have the potential to differentiate into adipocytes,osteoblasts,chondrocytes,nerve cells,cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells.In addition,DFAT cells also have the advantages of minimally invasive acquisition,strong proliferation and high homogeneity.Currently,all studies involving the application of DFAT cells in scaffold-based and scaffold-free bone tis-sue engineering can confirm their effectiveness in promoting bone regeneration.However,cytological research still faces some challenges,including relatively low cell culture purity,unclear phenotypic characteristics and undefined dediffer-entiation mechanisms.It is believed that with the continuous development and improvement of isolation,culture,identi-fication and directional induction of osteogenic differentiation methods,DFAT cells are expected to become excellent seed cells in the field of oral and maxillofacial bone tissue engineering in the future.

The identification of suitable seed cells represents a critical scientific problem to be solved in the field of oral and maxillofacial bone tissue regeneration.The application of adipose-derived stem cells(ASCs)in tissue and organ repair and regeneration has been studied extensively.In recent years,dedifferentiated fat(DFAT)cells have also shown broad application prospects in the field of bone tissue engineering.DFAT cells express stem cell-related markers and have the potential to differentiate into adipocytes,osteoblasts,chondrocytes,nerve cells,cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells.In addition,DFAT cells also have the advantages of minimally invasive acquisition,strong proliferation and high homogeneity.Currently,all studies involving the application of DFAT cells in scaffold-based and scaffold-free bone tis-sue engineering can confirm their effectiveness in promoting bone regeneration.However,cytological research still faces some challenges,including relatively low cell culture purity,unclear phenotypic characteristics and undefined dediffer-entiation mechanisms.It is believed that with the continuous development and improvement of isolation,culture,identi-fication and directional induction of osteogenic differentiation methods,DFAT cells are expected to become excellent seed cells in the field of oral and maxillofacial bone tissue engineering in the future.

Objective:To explore the significance of four-dimensional CT angiography(4D CTA) and CT perfusion (CTP) imaging in evaluating collateral circulation grades in patients with moyamoya disease and moyamoya syndrome and their relationship with cerebral hemodynamics.Methods:The clinical and imaging data of 32 patients with moyamoya disease and moyamoya syndrome in Beijing Hospital from January 2017 to January 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent 4D CTA-CTP imaging. Collateral circulation was scored on CTA images by using Alberta stroke program early CT score system, and on digital subtraction angiography (DSA) images by using American society of interventional and therapeutic neuroradiology/Society of interventional radiology score system, respectively. The patients were divided into Ⅰ-Ⅲ circulation compensation grades based on collateral circulation score. Regions of interest were delineated at basal ganglia on perfusion maps and the perfusion parameters were obtained including cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), mean transit time (MTT), mean transit time (TTP) and delay time (DLY). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the perfusion parameters in different collateral circulation grades, and pairwise comparison was performed with Bonferroni correction. Kappa and Spearman tests were used to analyze the consistency and correlation of 4D CTA and DSA in the classification of collateral circulation.Results:4D CTA and DSA had a moderate consistency (Kappa=0.693, P<0.001) and a strong correlation ( r=0.805, P<0.001) in evaluating collateral grades. There were statistically significant differences in CBF, MTT and TTP among collateral compensation grade Ⅰ, grade Ⅱ and grade Ⅲ ( H values were 7.91, 11.69, 8.93; P values were 0.019, 0.003 and 0.012, respectively). Further pairwise comparison showed that the CBF of collateral compensation grade Ⅰ was lower than that of grade Ⅲ ( P=0.015), MTT of grade Ⅱ was higher than that of grade Ⅲ ( P=0.005), and TTP of grade Ⅰ was higher than that of grade Ⅲ ( P=0.015). There was no statistical significance of other indicators in pairwise comparison. There were no significant differences in CBV and DLY among collateral compensation grade Ⅰ, grade Ⅱ and grade Ⅲ ( P>0.05). Conclusions:4D CTA-CTP is equivalent to DSA in evaluating collateral circulation in patients with moyamoya disease and moyamoya syndrome. It can also evaluate the cerebral hemodynamics comprehensively, which has high clinical significance for disease monitoring.