Background: Panzerina lanata (L.) is widely distributed across various ecosystems in the mountain, steppe, and Gobi regions of Mongolia and has traditionally been used in folk medicine to alleviate joint and muscle inflammation, reduce liver heat, lower blood pressure, promote diuresis, and treat edema and tumors. Its similar applications in Mongolian and Chinese traditional medicine suggest considerable therapeutic potential and biological activity. Studies conducted since 2019 have reported that P.lanata (L.) is rich in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant-active constituents; however, studies on the microscopic and histochemical characteristics of the species growing under Mongolian conditions remain limited, providing the rationale for this study. Aim: To characterize the microscopic features of Panzerina lanata (L.), determine the distribution of starch, polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds using histochemical methods, and evaluate the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: For microscopic analysis, plant materials were softened by soaking for 24 h in a 1:1:1 water–ethanol–glycerin mixture (Strich–Fleming solution), followed by preparation of manual transverse and longitudinal sections of the stems, roots, and petals. A 10% chloral hydrate solution was used for clearing. Histochemical analyses were performed using potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), ferric chloride (FeCl₃), Lugol’s solution (I₂/KI), thymol (C₁₀H₁₄O) with concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), methylene blue (C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S), and Dragendorff’s reagent. The prepared sections were cleared with glycerin and examined under an Olympus light microscope at ×40 and ×100 magnifications, with images documented using a 12-MP camera. Result: Microscopic examination of the roots, stems, and petals revealed that the root stele exhibited a polyarchy arrangement, with clearly differentiated xylem, phloem, and cambial tissues in both transverse and longitudinal sections. Scalariform tracheary elements in the xylem contributed to water and mineral transport and mechanical support. The stem xylem contained both spiral and scalariform tracheary elements. The petals consisted of cells with double walls and single nuclei, while the floral seed tissue was composed of meristematic tissue associated with continuous cell division, growth, and tissue differentiation. Histochemical analysis of transverse and longitudinal sections of the stems and roots, as well as petal sections, revealed the presence of essential oils, polyphenolic compounds (tannins and flavonoids), and starch. Conclusion Microscopic, histochemical, and phytochemical analyses of Panzerina lanata (L.) revealed the presence of biologically active compounds, indicating its potential for use in the quality evaluation of medicinal plant raw materials.

Background: Numerous experimental and clinical studies have investigated the therapeutic potential of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., mainly attributing its biological activities to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and hepatoprotective effects. In particular, silymarin has been reported to exert hepatoprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress, protecting cell membranes from certain toxic insults, and modulating protein synthesis. Therefore, cultivation of S. marianum and utilization of its seeds for industrial and research purposes are important for establishing a sustainable source of pharmacologically valuable bioactive compounds and increasing the availability of high-quality medicinal plant material. Aim: To evaluate the feasibility of cultivating S. marianum from seeds and to determine seed germination, seedling growth and development, survival after transplantation to open-field conditions, phenological stages, and seed yield characteristics. Materials and Methods: Seeds of S. marianum were germinated under indoor conditions, and normally developed seedlings were subsequently raised in a greenhouse and transplanted to a cultivation site near Tamgan Öndör, Erdene sum, Töv Province, Mongolia. Germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), seedling growth based on morphometric parameters, and survival rate after transplantation were evaluated. At harvest, the number and diameter of capitula, seed weight per plant, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield per unit area were determined. Data were expressed as mean±SD, and statistical significance was evaluated at p < 0.05. Result: Of the 1,000 seeds sown, 852 germinated, resulting in a germination percentage of 85.2% and a mean germination time of 11 days. Under greenhouse conditions, plant height increased from 1.0 to 3.0 cm, while rosette diameter increased from 1.2 to 7.0 cm. Of the 452 seedlings transplanted to the open field, 353 survived, corresponding to a survival rate of 78.1%. The first flowering was observed on June 12, full flowering on July 9, and full seed maturation on August 30, with 175 days from sowing to seed maturity. On average, each plant produced 18 branches and 20 capitula, with a capitulum diameter of 4.4 cm, seed weight per plant of 15.5 g, 1000-seed weight of 11.5 g, and seed yield of 195.325 kg/ha. Conclusion S. marianum was able to germinate, establish, complete its major growth, flowering, and seed maturation stages, and produce seeds under the cultivation conditions of the Tamgan Öndör area, Erdene sum, Töv Province. These findings indicate that S. marianum can potentially be cultivated in this specific area as a source of medicinal plant material.

Background: Saponins are secondary metabolites in plants that play an important role in defense mechanisms and physiological processes. Since stomatal cells are crucial for gas exchange and water balance in plant tissues, studying the anatomical and biochemical features of stomatal cells in saponin-rich plant species provides insight into the interactions between these compounds and cellular mechanisms. This serves as the basis of our study. Aim: To determine the structure, types, and functions of stomatal cells in saponin-containing medicinal plants Materials and Methods: During June–September 2024, nine species of saponin-containing medicinal plants were collected from Bulgan, Tuv provinces, and “Gorkhi-Terelj National Park” in Mongolia. Prepared microscopic specimens were examined using macroscopic and microscopic techniques to study the structure, position, number, and epidermal features of stomatal cells. Results: The study revealed that Anemone crinita Juz. exhibited the highest stomatal density (107 stomata/mm²) and epidermal cell density (229 cells/mm²), indicating strong adaptation and protective capacity in arid conditions. Vicia baicalensis (Turcz.) B. Fedtsch. showed the highest stomatal index (39.6), highlighting its significant role in regulating transpiration. Stomatal types varied among species: • Anomocytic stomata were observed in Potentilla multifida and Vicia baicalensis. • Anisocytic stomata were found in Delphinium grandiflorum and Ranunculus borealis. • Paracytic stomata were present in Gentiana algida, Adenophora remotiflora, Helianthemum nummularium, Anemone crinita, and Ranunculus acris. Conclution In the study of the structure, form, and number of stomatal cells in saponin-containing plants growing in Mongolia, Anemone crinita Juz. was found to have the highest number of stomatal and epidermal cells, indicating its high efficiency in gas exchange, water regulation, and protection against external stress. Furthermore, Vicia baicalensis (Turcz.) B.Fedtsch. showed the highest stomatal index, confirming its strong capacity for active regulation of gas exchange. The variation in stomatal cell types among plant species was identified as playing an important role in ecological and biological adaptation as well as protective mechanisms.

Background: Plants of the family Gentianaceae in Mongolia are rich in bitter iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, and polyphenolic compounds, and have been traditionally used in Mongolian medicine to promote digestion, protect the liver, and reduce fever. However, standardized information on the micro-morphology and histochemical characteristics of the widely distributed species Gentiana decumbens L.f. is scarce, limiting the assessment of its quality as a medicinal raw material. Aim: To identify the morphological and anatomical characteristics of the aerial and underground parts of Gentiana decumbens and to localize the distribution of starch, polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds using histochemical methods. Materials and Methods: Plant materials were collected in July 2024 from Tsagaan-Uul soum, Khuvsgul province, andshade-dried. Samples were softened in a water–ethanol–glycerol solution (1:1:1) for 24 hours, and transverse and longitudinal sections of stem, leaf, root, and floral parts (anther, petal, receptacle/bract) were prepared using a hand microtome. Sections were cleared with 10% chloral hydrate. Histochemical reagents included potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), ferric chloride (FeCl3), Lugol’s iodine (I₂+KI), thymol + concentrated H₂SO₄, and methylene blue. Slides were mounted in glycerin and examined under an Olympus light microscope at 40× and 100× magnifications, and images were recorded using a 12 MP digital camera. Results: Leaf: The leaf exhibits a dorsiventral structure with a dense palisade parenchyma on the adaxial side and a loosely arranged spongy mesophyll on the abaxial side. Stomata are hypostomatic, and collenchyma is well developed around the vascular bundles. Histochemical reactions were negative for starch and phenolic compounds. Stem: The stem consists of an epidermis, a wide cortex, a continuous ring of sclerenchyma, 12–15 collateral vascular bundles, and a broad central parenchyma. Histochemical tests showed a brownish-yellow coloration with potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), indicating the presence of polyphenols and lignin, and a brown coloration with Lugol’s iodine, confirming the presence of starch. Reactions with ferric chloride (FeCl₃), methylene blue, and thymol + H2SO4 were mostly negative in cross sections. However, in longitudinal sections, Lugol’s and thymol + H2SO4 showed positive reactions, suggesting the presence of starch and polysaccharides, respectively. Root: The root displays a primary structure with radial xylem and phloem, a distinct endodermis with Casparian strips, and a pericycle layer. Positive reactions were observed with K2Cr2O7 and FeCl₃, indicating phenolic compounds and lignin. Lugol’s iodine showed abundant starch granules in parenchyma cells. Receptacle / Bract: The receptacle is covered by a thick cuticular epidermis with trichomes, and composed of outer and central parenchyma layers containing numerous small closed (amphivasal-type) vascular bundles. Positive reactions were detected with K2Cr2O7 and FeCl₃, indicating polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins; Lugol’s iodine confirmed the presence of starch; thymol + H2SO4 showed partial positivity for polysaccharides. Stamen (longitudinal section): The stamen structure includes epidermis, endothecium, pollen sacs, and a distinct vascular bundle. Positive staining was observed with K2Cr2O7, Lugol’s iodine, and FeCl3, confirming the presence of polyphenolic compounds, lignified elements, and starch. Conclusion The anatomical features of G. decumbens indicate adaptations to dry, high-light environments through well-developed mechanical strengthening (sclerenchymatous ring), efficient photosynthetic structure (compact palisade mesophyll), and nutrient storage (starch-rich pith and cortex). Histochemical analysis revealed the localization of polyphenolic compounds and starch/polysaccharides mainly in the root, stem, and floral organs, while absent in the leaves, demonstrating organ-specific accumulation patterns. These findings scientifically support the plant’s traditional medicinal uses for digestive stimulation and hepatoprotection.

Schizencephaly is an uncommon, congenital disorder showing developmental cerebral malformation characterized by clefts in the cerebral cortex, which extends from the ependymal surface of the ventricle through the white matter to the pial surface. Magnetic resonance was more sensitive than computed tomography in detecting the clefts [1]. Yakovlev and Wadsworth first coined the term “schizencephaly” in 1946, in their study on cadavers [2]. Schizencephaly is associated in some cases with microcephaly, hydrocephalus, or other malformations such as septo-optic dysplasia [1, 3]. This disorder can be detected in vivo by ultrasonography [4]. Here, we present a rare case of a 9-month-old female infant with underdevelopment of the right cerebral hemisphere.

Background: As a result of the previous programmes implemented by the Government of Mongolia, maternal mortality and under-five mortality rates had declined fourfold from 1990 levels to 2015 The Millennium Development Goals (50.0), shifting from a country with a high maternal mortality rate to a country with a moderate maternal mortality rate [6, 7, 8, 9]. However, as maternal and child mortality have not been steadily declining, regional disparities in care have not been eliminated, unmet needs for family planning have increased, contraception use has reduced, abortions and repeat abortions have not decreased. The quality of antenatal care is low; the continuing challenges have led to the development and implementation of the 5^th National Programme. As the programme was finished in 2016-2020, assessing its impact on Mongolia is significant. Objective: Evaluating the objectives of the National on Maternal, Child and Reproductive Health Programme, the implementation of planned activities, whether the intended results have been achieved according to the criteria was to determine future needs and the main areas of focus. Materials and Methods: Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyse the information required for the assessment. The activities of the programme implementation plan were evaluated in the form of activities implemented in 2016-2020 and time spent on implementation, which implemented, who was involved, the budget spent, the type and the number of beneficiaries, and the reasons for nonimplementation. Results: A total of 28 indicators of the National Program was 76.8 percent. In 2016, by the time the programme was launched, the under-five mortality rate was 20.8 per 1000 live births. However, the goal to reach 15 in 2021 was achieved to reach 12.7 by successfully implementing the programme. The program aimed to reduce the maternal mortality rate from 48.6 per 100000 live births to 25 per 100000 live births in 2021, but has not yet been achieved, reaching 30.2 in 2020 and 43 in the first five months of 2021. Initially, the program implementation plan included cooperation with more than 600 organisations, such as 9 ministries, 14 government organizations, 21 provinces, health centers, and maternity hospitals. However, an excessive number of organizations and an unnecessary amount of planned work made it impossible to identify the beneficiaries in addition to the Government of Mongolia, donors such as UNFPA, UNICEF, and WHO made a significant contribution to the implementation of the programme by providing financial and technical assistance. As of 2017-2021, no funds had been found to implement the National Programme on how much has been spent on information, publicity, and advocacy measures. According to the interviews with the programme implementers, a lack of leadership, lack of proper planning, turnover in the civil servants, and the ongoing pandemic had resulted in the lack of a transparent annual implementation plan, the insufficient time and resources for next year’s planning and implementation of the planned work, and the lack of budget resources. Conclusion As the total of 28 indicators of the National Programme was 76.8 percent, it has been evaluated as having achieved specific results.

Introduction: Coronavirus infection 2019 (Ковид-19) is an infection caused by a novel virus and induces severe ARDS. КОВИД-19 pandemic has rapidly spreaded in 221 countries, 245,373,039 cases and 4,979,421 mortalities have been reported. Pulmonary and renal thrombotic angiopathy occur in patients with complications of ARDS, sepsis, and multi-organ failure. Elevated D-dimer in КОВИД-19 patients has been reported firstly by doctors in Wuhan, China. In addition, many studies have revealed that elevated D-dimer has been associated with the severity of the diseases, an increased rate of poor prognosis. Objective: We aim to determine D-dimer in КОВИД-19 patients, and patient condition a decrease of D-dimer level after administration of anticoagulant therapy. Case report: We introduce a rare case of КОВИД-19. Laboratory test results and the effect of anticoagulant therapy have been evaluated during the infection. 85 aged women were admitted with a diagnosis other than КОВИД-19. PCR for SARS-Cov-2 was negative on the previous day of admission, and Sars-Cov-2 Ag rapid test was also negative on the admission day. However, the D-dimer test result was much higher with 7120 ng/мл and X-ray and CT revealed a similar pattern to the КОВИД-19 patient. Then anti-Sars-Cov-2 test was positive with 4,08 COI. Based on laboratory test results of D-dimer, LDH, CRP, and CT pattern the patient was diagnosed with post-КОВИД-19 pneumonia, and anticoagulant therapy was initiated additionally to prevent hypercoagulation induced by КОВИД-19. D-dimer test taken before administration of anticoagulant therapy increased more to 10910 ng/мл. 3 days later D-dimer level decreased to 8180ng/мл and the patient’s condition was improved. Conclusion The evaluation of D-dimer of the patients with КОВИД-19 is highly significant. Anticoagulant therapy might be necessary for КОВИД-19 patients with high D-dimer level in serum. Further studies are needed to assess the long-term outcome of the illness and mortality.

Background: A midwifery services are recognized as one of essential health care and services. The amplification of trained midwives plays very important role to improve the quality of and access to health care services as highlighted in the global Human Development Report [1]. Obstetric care is the integrated specialized interventions aimed to detect, monitor, manage delivery, treat and prevent illnesses of mothers, fetus and newborns in pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal periods. Every year, 287,000 women die from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth, and 2.9 million newborns die before they reach the age of four weeks worldwide. The majority of the preventable maternal and newborn deaths occur in low-income countries [3]. Goal: This assessment was aimed to review the current situation and legal framework of midwifery services and comprehensive competencies of midwives, and to provide baseline data for the project as well as evidence based recommendations for further improvement of midwifery services in Mongolia. Materials and Methods: In order to assess the current status of midwifery services and integrated competencies of midwives, a range of quantitative and qualitative methods were used. A cross- sectional study for assessing the quality of obstetric care and practice was conducted by using observation checklists, questionnaires and interview guides. Midwives who are providing obstetric care in Mongolia were involved in the assessment. Results: A total of 321 midwives from NCMCH, and 2 maternity hospitals of Ulaanbaatar and 21 aimags were involved in the assessment. Out of them 97.2% were female and the mean age was 37.2±10.1 [95%CI: 36.03-38.21]. The mean of working years in health sector was 14.54±10.9 years and mean of working years with the current institution was 11.7±10.1 years. Minimum work experience was few months and maximum was 38 years. A majority of the assessed midwives hold some abilities sufficiently such as keeping medical documents during pregnancy [4.23; 95%CI: 4.15-4.32], educating and giving advice to the customers about after and before the pregnancy period [4.01; 95%CI: 3.91-4.11]. A majority of the assessed midwives answered holding some abilities as important, such as basic knowledge of mother and child public health care in the fertility system [4.11; 95%CI:4.00-4.21], implementing experiences [4.07; 95%CI:3.97-4.19], and very important documents for the Obstetricians Association to know about midwives’ practical and professional activity [4.05; 95%CI:3.92-4.17]. None of the midwives took “A” or point indicates highest level. 40.5 percent of assessed midwives took “D” or “Able to make a relatively easy content; Lack of general knowledge, skills and practices”. One third of participated midwives took “F” indicating lack of knowledge, skill and practice. Moreover, one fifth of the midwives took “C” indicating average level, understood most of the content, skilled moderately, and prepared enough to practice more in this field. Even though rural midwives got average level (22.0%) score 4.1 functions more than city midwives, it didn’t have any difference in the statistic correlation. 3.3 percent of all participant 7 midwives took “B” indicating above the average level in the knowledge test. The midwives have told training for them hadn’t organized frequently which is shown in the quality assessment. Conclusions Furthermore, it is necessary to increase the skill of midwives who would perform complex care based on clinical evidence to reveal the risks faced to maternal and infant health, prevent from degradation and manage safe birth.

mmon clinical scenario [1]. The prevalenceof thyroid nodules is ~18-40% in Chineseadults [2]; however, only 5-10 percent of allthyroid nodules are malignant. Although withthe development of the ultrasound technique,several ultrasonographic characteristics havebeen associated with thyroid malignancy[3], individual ultrasound features arenot accurate predictors of thyroid cancer.Thyroid fine-needle aspiration [FNA] hasbeen recommended by various organizationsfor the more precise preoperative diagnosisof thyroid nodules [4]. Non-diagnostic rateof FNA comparison and estimate betweenthe other studiesMaterials and Мethods: We performedover 100 FNA using one pass of the 21-Gneedle attached to a 10 ml syringe withoutlocal anesthesia in 2015. All the FNAswere performed without the guidance ofultrasound. Recent study 100 cases of themwere not selected for a specific method.Results: In total there were 100 patientsrecruited in the study with a mean ageof 45.94±13.13 years and 83.0% femalepatients.The Non-diagnostic rate was comparedbetween groups with different needlesizes and methods. In the 22 G group,non-aspiration showed a decreased NDrate as compared to aspiration [44.21 vs.76.76%, P<0.001;]. In the non-aspirationgroup, a lower ND rate was revealed in the25-G needle group compared to the 22-Gneedle group [34.97 vs. 44.21%, P=0.032;].Notably, the ND rate in the 25 G group wassignificantly lower than in the all 22 G group[34.97 vs. 58.13%, P<0.001;]. In the 21 Ggroups, aspiration showed a decreased NDrate as compared to aspiration [44.21 vs.76.76%, P<0.001;]. 21G aspiration groupshowed decrease twofold ND rate ascompared 22G aspiration group [31.63 vs.76.76%, P<0.001;]Conclusion: There have been studiesusing various needle types [regular needle,needle with a stylet or spinal needle [5]and different needle sizes from [21 G to27 G] with or without aspiration duringthe procedure. Numerous factors influencethe diagnostic rate in thyroid FNA, amongwhich the nodule component is an extremelyimportant factor [6]. In general, the morecystic the percentage of each nodule, thehigher the rate of non-diagnostic, with the lowest ND rate in the solid nodule using a25-G needle at 26.77% and the highest inthe cystic nodule using 22 G aspiration at85.19%. A similar trend was found in eachgroup with lowest rate of ND in the 25 Gnon-aspiration group and highest in the 22G aspiration group.