Background: More than 60 zoonotic diseases can be transmitted from dogs (Canis lupus familiar’s) to humans, one of which is cystic echinococcosis (CE). Approximately 270 million people in Central Asia live in areas at risk for CE, and Mongolia is included in this region. The transmission of zoonotic infection is facilitated by the movement of humans, livestock, and dogs, as well as trade and cross-border interactions between countries. Aim: To determine the helminth fauna in the dog populations of selected soums of Bayan-Ulgii Province, identify zoonotic pathogens, and investigate Taeniidae infection. Materials and Methods: Seven soums of Bayan-Ulgii province bordering the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China were selected using a targeted sampling approach. Domestic dogs belonging to 300 individuals who underwent abdominal ultrasound screening for cystic echinococcosis were included after obtaining consent for deworming. Anthelmintic treatment (5 mg/kg) was administered, and fecal samples from 95 dogs were collected post-treatment. Helminth eggs were identified to determine the helminth fauna. DNA was extracted from samples positive for Taeniidae eggs using a DNA extraction kit (Qiagen, Stool DNA kit, Germany). The mitochondrial cox1 gene was amplified by PCR using F/COI and R/COI primers to determine infection status. Results: The helminth fauna of the dog population in Bayan-Ulgii province consisted of members of the Taeniidae family and the genus Ascaris, as well as Toxocara canis, Trichuris vulpis, Macracanthorhynchus catulinus, Oncicola canis, Strongyloides canis, and Alaria canis. Prevalence rates were as follows Taeniidae 10.5%, T. canis 4.2%, S. canis 3.2%, A. canis 2.1%, Ascaris 2.1%, T. vulpis 2.1%, O.canis 3.2%, M. catulinus 5.2%. Among these, T. canis, T. vulpis, A. canis, and members of the Taeniidae family are zoonotic parasites transmissible from dogs to humans. DNA was extracted from 10 samples positive for Taeniidae eggs. Amplification of the cox1 gene using COI primers revealed an 880 bp band in 9 samples (90%), confirming infection. Conclusions 1. The helminth fauna of dogs in selected soums of Bayan-Ulgii Province consisted of helminths belonging to 1 family, 1 genus, and 6 species. 2. Taeniidae infection was detected in 9.0% of dogs in the selected soums of Bayan-Ulgii Province.

Background: The family Taeniidae (Ludwig, 1886) belongs to the class Cestoda, phylum Platyhelminthes, and order Cyclophyllidea. Zoonotic parasites within this family, particularly Taenia and Echinococcus species, impose a significant socio-economic burden in developing countries. Aim: To determine the prevalence of Taeniidae infection in the domestic dog population of selected soums in Sukhbaatar Province and to identify associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: A total of 135 domestic dogs from seven soums bordering China in Sukhbaatar Province were dewormed, and post-treatment fecal samples were collected for the detection of Taeniidae eggs. DNA was extracted from egg-positive samples using the QIAamp Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Germany). The cox1 gene was amplified using F/COI and R/COI primers through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm infection. Associations between Taeniidae infection and potential risk factors were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results: Taeniidae eggs were detected in 35 of 135 fecal samples (25.9%). The mean number of eggs per gram of feces varied among samples. PCR amplification confirmed Taeniidae infection in 30 of the 35 egg-positive samples (85.7%), producing an 880-base pair fragment. The analysis revealed that several owner-related and management-related factors were significantly associated with an increased risk of Taeniidae infection in domestic dogs, including type of residence (OR=12.18; 95% CI: 1.51-98.89; p<0.019), allowing dogs to roam freely (OR=8.08; 95% CI: 2.19–29.73; p<0.002), and feeding dogs raw livestock viscera (OR=265.12; 95% CI: 16.2-4561.7; p<0.0001). Conclusion A 22.2% prevalence of Taeniidae infection was identified among domestic dogs in selected soums of Sukhbaatar Province. Household living conditions, allowing dogs to roam freely without restraint, and feeding dogs raw livestock organs and offal were identified as significant risk factors associated with Taeniidae infection.

Background: Regularly participate international High-level in sports athletes national and competitions and engage in intense training, developing endurance and resilience. Measuring blood lactate levels is crucial for improving an athlete’s performance, assessing sports performance, and enhancing the effectiveness of future training. Aim: To study the relationship between lactate levels in the blood plasma and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity in Mongolian National Team athletes. Materials and Methods: The study involved 51 athletes from the Mongolian National Team. Anaerobic capacity was assessed using a Monark 894E Ergomedic Peak Bike, designed to apply exercise load. Blood serum lactate level and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity were determined using a Biobase BK-280 fully automated biochemical analyzer. Heart rate, peripheral blood oxygen levels, and oxygen saturation were measured using a pulse oximeter. Results: The average age of the participants was 24.04 ± 4.15 years, with an average height of 168 ± 8.78 cm and an average weight of 71.01 ± 7.69 kg. The average BMI was 24.82 ± 4.12 kg/m². Pre exercise lactate levels averaged 3.84 ± 0.75 mmol/L, while post-exercise lactate levels averaged 9.67±3.52 mmol/L. The average heart rate before exercise was 66.04±8.9 bpm, while post-exercise heart rate was 123.6±16.06 bpm. The average VO₂ max was 95.18±2.48. Conclusion The lactate levels before and after exercise among the athletes participating in the study showed significant differences in the age groups 20-29 (p<0.0001). When comparing lactate levels before and after exercise by sport, statistically significant increases were observed in freestyle wrestling and judo athletes (p<0.0001)

The prevalence and type of congenital cleft of the lip and palate in mongolia, affiliation of the patients Background: The prevalence of congenital cleft lip and palate is different internationally. There are some research papers which identifying the rate of this abnormality in Mongolia, the latest one shown the result that one cleft case for 1072 live births (Ayanga GN et all, 2012). Aim: to determine/update the prevalence and types of congenital cleft lip and palate in Mongolia Materials and methods: we include the data from all cleft patients who were born between 01 of January, 2011-31 of December, 2021 to this survey retrospectively. We used the e-history for cleft patients, which developed by the department of Maxillofacial surgery since 2011. Results: Totally 1308 cleft patients included to our survey. The prevalence is one cleft cases for 652 live births in Mongolia, and 34,1% is cleft of the lip, 41,4% is cleft of the lip and palate, and 24,5% is cleft palate only of all cases. Also the rate was differently among provinces, as one for 429 live births in Khuvsgul province, and one for 1223 live births in Uvs province. Conclusions: the prevalence of cleft lip and palate in Mongolia 1000:1.5 or one for 652 live births. The highest rate established in Khuvsgul province, and the lowest in Uvs province.

ABSTRACT. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, or RAS, is common oral disorder of uncertain etiopathogenesis for which only symptomatic therapy is available. This article reviews the current clinical features of RAS among study patients and the result of therapeutic effects of the herbal preparation Akhizunber. Over the past four years we have treated 61 RAS patients with different clinical forms by herbal preparation Akhizunber or Alumekatin. The distribution of clinical forms RAS RAS among study patients were minor aphthae -75.4%, major aphthae -16.4% and herpetiform ulcers -8.2% respectively. The healing time of treated Akhizunber was in minor aphthae -9.28±4.82 days, major aphthae -14 days and herpetiform ulcers -12 days. Of the total study participants, the patients treated by Akhizunber reported a rapid and complete recovery from RAS during treatment compared with treated patients by Alumekatin. Treatment with herbal preparation Akhizunber can be effective for patients suffering from RAS in any clinic form, regardless of their ulcer number and size.

BACKGROUND. Congenital Cleft Lip and/or Palate (CL/P) is a common craniofacial birth defect and occurs 1 per 500-700 live births in average. Children with CL/P at a higher risk for speech/language problems due to the anatomical and structural differences in the oral and nasal cavities, Velopharyngeal Insufficiency causing speech disorders with articulation, phonation, and resonance, respectively. It leads to long-lasting adverse outcomes, influencing quality of life and causes obstacles in child’s socialization. Speech in 2007 Therapy team of School of Dentistry ( G. Ariuntuul , B. Bulgan, U. Azzaya, B. Batsukh, M. Bat-Erdene), Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS) (former Health Sciences University of Mongolia) established and successfully conducted a first clinical speech therapy sessions for children with clefts in Mongolia based on the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (G. Ayanga et al.) of National Maternal and Children’s Health Center (NMCHC). Since 2012 the speech therapy team of School of Dentistry, officially transferred the equipped operating speech room to NMCHC and speech pathologist B. Bulgan, supervised and trained by Ariuntuul G. recruited by NMCHC for a full time position and working as a member of multidisciplinary team till present. OBJECTIVES. To assess and analyze registry data of children with clefts, visited speech therapy sessions of speech pathology team of School of Dentistry, MNUMS during 2007 through 2012. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Registry based retrospective study was conducted to obtain demographic and speech disorder related data of children with clefts, visited speech therapy sessions between 2012-2017 at the NMCHC. RESULTS. In total 203 participants are attended the speech therapy sessions: 103 male (51%), 100 female (49%). Out of total 203 children 144 (71%) had Cleft Lip and Palate (CLP), 44 had cleft palate only (22%), 15 had cleft lip (7%), respectively. Average age for primary cleft surgery was 1y13m, where as for secondary was 4y22m. CONCLUSION. For speech therapy session for children with clefts boys were dominant compared to girls (1:1.03). By the types of clefts children diagnosed with Cleft Lip and Palate was prevalent to attend treatment classes. There is a need in early CL/P diagnosis, using birth screening and furthermore, traning of speech therapists/pathologists are important for development of multidisciplinary team, surgery outcome and improvement of quality of life of children with clefts.

BACKGROUND. To introduce a new electronic technology which is mobile-based ophthalmoscope to the clinical practice for the patients with diabetes and hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHODS. There are 32 participants who were diagnosed with hypertension (blood pressure measured more than 140/90 mm Hg three times a month or for 2 weeks) participated in our study. We selected the patients with type II diabetes and hypertension who were referred to the RTW diabetes center. RESULTS. In the hypertensive group, based on Keith Wagener Barker (KWB) Grades, there are 1st and 2nd degree retinopathy cases are more common and it increases with the age. In the diabetic group, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy is diagnosed among the patients aged above 60 years old and it correlates with the duration of disease.

BACKGROUND The occurrence of facial injuries tends to be high compared to injuries in other parts of the body, because the face is without a protective covering, and the chin mandible is the most prominent bone in this region of the body. According to several studies, mandibular fractures account for 59% of all facial fractures. Mandibular fractures usually occur in 2 or more locations because of the bone’s U shape. This article aims to analyze retrospectively the age, gender, etiology, and anatomic distribution of mandibular fractures. METHODS The data for this study were obtained from the medical records of 1217 cases treated at Department of Oral and Maxillacial Surgery at National First Central Hospital of Mongolia in 2016. Information was collected from the clinical notes of each patients with mandible fractures. The demographic variables such as age, gender and clinical information included diagnosis, etiology, and anatomical distribution of fractures was assessed. RESULTS The total of 229 subjects had mandible fractures, out of which 209 were males and 20 were females. The mean age of the participants was 32,2±10. The major cause of fractures was assault 79% , followed by road traffic accident – 11%, sport injuries – 5%, accidents at work or home – 3%, other – 2%. Mandible fracture incidence were high during in August. By the time referred to a physician from day of injury were 1-5 days 72,1%, 6-10 days 25,7%, delayed more than 10 days were 2,2% of the cases. Unilateral fractures were 77,4%, bilateral fractures 21,7%. Mandible left side were 158 (65,9%) mostly injured. The most common fracture site was angle- 112 (53%), condyle- 58 (27,5%), body- 21 (9,9%), parasymphysis- 16 (7,6%) and at least common site were ramus- 2 (1%) and symphysis - 2 (1%) of mandible. Among multiple fractures most common sites were condyle-parasymphysis which 24 cases and angle – parasymphysis were 21 cases. CONCLUSION The following conclusions have been drawn from the foregoing study. The mandible fractures were more common in males 209 (91,3%) than females 20 (8.7%). Assaults were the most common cause of the fracture. 77,4% fractures were unilateral fractures. The most common site of fracture was mandible angle- 112 (53%) and common multiple fractures were condyle-parasymphysis. By the time referred to a physician from day of injury were 1-5 days 72,1%, 6-10 days 25,7%, delayed more than 10 days were 2,2% of the cases.

The timing and technique for palatoplasty is very controversial, recent literature advocates for early repair, between six and eighteen months of age, facilitating normal speech and language development, and avoiding hearing loss. It is using three main kinds of techniques for palatoplasty in the worldwide, two flap pushback, Furlow double opposing z-plasty, and two-step palatoplasty.Cases presenting later in life to the Mongolian National Center for Maternal and Child Healthprovide Mongolian surgeons′ with the challenge of wider defects which are difficult to manage successfully using traditional palatoplasty techniques.Oro-nasal fistula formation is an one of most documented postoperative complication, and it`s rate is reported between 6-42,3% in the literature. In Mongolia patients often present in older than recommended age for palatoplasty,it provide surgeons with the challenge of managing wider defects, which have higher rates of fistula formation and wound dehiscence. There were 30% of ONF in our practice. So, in 2000 we established new modified Mongolian technique for primary palatoplasty for improved outcomes across all age groups. And ONF rate reduced from 30% to 5.9 % in our department. Objective: To determine velopharyngeal function after primary palatoplasty by Mongolian method in connective with age at repair and cleft type.In our study were included over four year’s old patients, who underwent primary palatoplasty by Mongolian method at the authors` centre. We excluded syndromic cases, and patients who had an oronasal fistula postoperatively, and no cooperation with speech therapist. This study, we use video records of nasopharyngeoscopy to evaluate for cleft lip and palate patient’s velopharyngeal function associated with type of clefts, the timing of palate repair and cooperation with speech therapist.There were included totally 28 patients who are 4-23 years old (mean age 10.2 years) at the time of study, were performed primary cleft palate repair by Mongolian technique at NCMCH. The mean age at palate repair was 38 months (14 months-18 years). Overall, 39.2% (11) of patients were performed palate repair at 18≥ months old and 60.8% (17) patients were operated palate repair at 18< months. In the first group, VPI was demonstrated 27,3%, and in the second group 41,2%. Also, there were demonstrated VPI for 66,7% of Veau 1 type, 45,5% of Veau 3 type, and only 10% of Veau 4 type, after Mongolian method. Better velopharyngeal result for Veau 4 type and wide cleft palate after Mongolian method than other types. We should continue this study in wider screen for recognition this results.

Background. Bacterial meningitis is a severe, potentially life-threatening infection that is associated with high rates of morbidity and significant disability in survivors. Overall mortality rates related to bacterial meningitis of around 20% to 25% have been reported by major centers. Our study is to determine the incidence rate and etiology of childhood bacterial meningitis in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.Methods. From 2002-2010, a total of CSF 433 and blood 544 samples were obtained from children age 0-5 years old. The following diagnostic criteria for bacterial meningitis in children aged 0-5 years were used: questionnaires, clinical signs and positive CSF culture and/or CSF antigen test results positive N. meningitis serogroups B, A, C, Y, and W-135, Hib or S.pneumonia; and/or positive CSF PCR results; and/or positive blood culture results with CSF pleocytosis (WBC count, >10 cells/uL). Pathogens were identified and serotype or serogroup with standard methods in the reference microbiology laboratory. Detection of bacterial pathogens with a multiplex and real-time PCR assay.Results. From totally 544 suspected cases had been detected bacterial meningitis in 260 (47, 8%) cases and sepsis in 111 [20,4%] cases respectively. The disease in the 83 [27.1 %] etiologically diagnosed patients was due to H.influenza, S. pneumonia was in 71 [36, 4%] cases and N.meningitis in 111 [24, 7%] respectively. Among the positive samples 80.6% (129/160) the specific serogroup and/or serotypes for N.meningitis serogroups A was available in 22(35, 4%) cases, for the Hib 52(96, 3%) and 6(40%) for the S.pneumoniae 7 serotype. The real time PCR assay was more sensitive for detection of meningitis pathogens than conventional methods (culture and latex agglutination), 19% in comparison with latex agglutination (p<0.0026) and by 39% in comparison with culture (p<0.001). Bacterial meningitis was identified 70.0 in 2004 among population, but it reduced until 5.0 in 2009. The incidence of Hib meningitis was 2002-2005y, N.meningitis and S.pneumoniae meningitis were 2006-2008y, S.pneumonia meningitis was more higher 2009-201 Oy comparing with other pathogens.Conclusion. N.meningitidls, S.pneumoniae H.influenzae type b are the leading causative agents of childhood bacterial meningitis in Ulaanbaatar, and the incidence rate is higher than what were reported in other Asian countries.