Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics, spatial clustering, and correlation between dental fluorosis detection rates and meteorological factors in children aged 8 - 12 years old in 37 counties (cities, districts, hereinafter referred to as counties) affected by coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis in Guizhou Province, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of the disease.Methods:Monitoring data on dental fluorosis in children aged 8 - 12 years old from 2019 to 2022 were collected from the National Health Security Information System for Endemic Diseases. Meteorological data, including annual average temperature, annual average precipitation, annual sunshine hours, and annual average relative humidity, were obtained from the Guizhou Provincial Bureau of Statistics. Descriptive epidemiology, analytical epidemiology, and spatial correlation analysis methods were used to analyze the data. Visual maps were created based on the clustering levels of annual dental fluorosis detection rates (high-high, low-low, high-low, low-high). Spatial autocorrelation and meteorological factors were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics, spatial clustering, and the impact of meteorological factors on dental fluorosis.Results:From 2019 to 2022, a total of 3 649 161 children aged 8 - 12 in the counties affected by coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis were monitored, and 115 793 children were diagnosed with dental fluorosis, with a detection rate of 3.17%. The detection rates were 4.73% (45 093/954 338) in 2019, 3.35% (31 424/938 445) in 2020, 2.86% (21 727/760 195) in 2021, and 1.76% (17 549/996 183) in 2022, respectively. The dental fluorosis indices were 0.09, 0.07, 0.06, and 0.03, respectively. The number of counties with detection rates > 6% was 7, 5, 5, and 0 in 2019 - 2022, respectively. Dafang County consistently had the highest detection rates, with rates of 10.06% (6 783/67 408), 10.07% (1 955/19 421), 13.54% (4 017/29 667), and 4.83% (3 284/76 206) in 2019 - 2022, respectively. The Moran's I indices for dental fluorosis detection rates were 0.45, 0.53, 0.53, and 0.53 in 2019 - 2022, with Z = 4.29, 5.07, 5.31, and 5.10, respectively ( P < 0.05), indicating global spatial autocorrelation (positive) and spatial clustering of dental fluorosis detection rates. The number of counties with "high-high" clustering of detection rates was 7, 7, 6, and 7 in 2019 - 2022, mainly concentrated in the northwestern region, including Qixingguan District, Nayong County, Dafang County, Zhijin County, and Jinsha County of Bijie City. "Low-high" clustering areas were distributed in Zhongshan District of Liupanshui City in 2019, 2020, and 2022. The detection rate of dental fluorosis was associated with local annual average temperature (°C) and annual precipitation (mm) ( r = - 0.393, - 0.337, P = 0.016, 0.041). Conclusions:From 2019 to 2022, the detection rate of dental fluorosis in children aged 8 - 12 in coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Guizhou Province has been decreasing year by year, and it shows spatial clustering. The high clustering area is in the northwest of Guizhou Province, which should be regarded as a key prevention and control area for coal-burning-borne fluorosis in the future. At the same time, areas with lower temperatures and precipitation should also strengthen prevention and control efforts.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics, spatial clustering, and correlation between dental fluorosis detection rates and meteorological factors in children aged 8 - 12 years old in 37 counties (cities, districts, hereinafter referred to as counties) affected by coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis in Guizhou Province, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of the disease.Methods:Monitoring data on dental fluorosis in children aged 8 - 12 years old from 2019 to 2022 were collected from the National Health Security Information System for Endemic Diseases. Meteorological data, including annual average temperature, annual average precipitation, annual sunshine hours, and annual average relative humidity, were obtained from the Guizhou Provincial Bureau of Statistics. Descriptive epidemiology, analytical epidemiology, and spatial correlation analysis methods were used to analyze the data. Visual maps were created based on the clustering levels of annual dental fluorosis detection rates (high-high, low-low, high-low, low-high). Spatial autocorrelation and meteorological factors were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics, spatial clustering, and the impact of meteorological factors on dental fluorosis.Results:From 2019 to 2022, a total of 3 649 161 children aged 8 - 12 in the counties affected by coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis were monitored, and 115 793 children were diagnosed with dental fluorosis, with a detection rate of 3.17%. The detection rates were 4.73% (45 093/954 338) in 2019, 3.35% (31 424/938 445) in 2020, 2.86% (21 727/760 195) in 2021, and 1.76% (17 549/996 183) in 2022, respectively. The dental fluorosis indices were 0.09, 0.07, 0.06, and 0.03, respectively. The number of counties with detection rates > 6% was 7, 5, 5, and 0 in 2019 - 2022, respectively. Dafang County consistently had the highest detection rates, with rates of 10.06% (6 783/67 408), 10.07% (1 955/19 421), 13.54% (4 017/29 667), and 4.83% (3 284/76 206) in 2019 - 2022, respectively. The Moran's I indices for dental fluorosis detection rates were 0.45, 0.53, 0.53, and 0.53 in 2019 - 2022, with Z = 4.29, 5.07, 5.31, and 5.10, respectively ( P < 0.05), indicating global spatial autocorrelation (positive) and spatial clustering of dental fluorosis detection rates. The number of counties with "high-high" clustering of detection rates was 7, 7, 6, and 7 in 2019 - 2022, mainly concentrated in the northwestern region, including Qixingguan District, Nayong County, Dafang County, Zhijin County, and Jinsha County of Bijie City. "Low-high" clustering areas were distributed in Zhongshan District of Liupanshui City in 2019, 2020, and 2022. The detection rate of dental fluorosis was associated with local annual average temperature (°C) and annual precipitation (mm) ( r = - 0.393, - 0.337, P = 0.016, 0.041). Conclusions:From 2019 to 2022, the detection rate of dental fluorosis in children aged 8 - 12 in coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Guizhou Province has been decreasing year by year, and it shows spatial clustering. The high clustering area is in the northwest of Guizhou Province, which should be regarded as a key prevention and control area for coal-burning-borne fluorosis in the future. At the same time, areas with lower temperatures and precipitation should also strengthen prevention and control efforts.

Objective:To analyze the monitoring results of skeletal fluorosis in coal-burning type endemic fluorosis areas in Guizhou Province, and evaluate the effectiveness of comprehensive treatment of coal-burning type endemic fluorosis in the affected areas.Methods:In 2009, 2014, and 2019, monitoring of skeletal fluorosis was carried out in six counties (cities, districts) of Renhuai City, Qixingguan District, Dafang County, Qianxi City, Puding County, and Pu'an County in Guizhou Province. Age stratification was conducted in each county (city, district) for permanent residents aged 25 and above, and survey subjects were selected for X-ray examination of skeletal fluorosis.Results:The detection rates of skeletal fluorosis in 2009, 2014, and 2019 were 51.48% (798/1 550), 34.88% (308/883), and 6.51% (60/922), respectively, showing a decreasing trend year by year (χ 2trend = 505.83, P < 0.001), decreased by 44.97 percentage points from 2009 to 2019. The age distribution of patients with skeletal fluorosis was mainly in the age group of 55 years and older, with annual proportions of 53.88% (430/798), 56.49% (174/308), and 78.33% (47/60), all higher than 50%. In 2009, 2014, and 2019, 483, 222 and 21 cases of mild skeletal fluorosis were detected, and 315, 86, and 39 cases of moderate to severe skeletal fluorosis were detected. There was a statistically significant difference in disease grading among different years(χ 2 = 32.63, P < 0.001). Among them, there were statistically significant differences in the grading of skeletal fluorosis in Qixingguan District, Qianxi City, Puding County, and Pu'an County(χ 2 = 14.56, 12.24, 35.01, 23.35, P < 0.05). Conclusions:The detection rate of skeletal fluorosis in Guizhou Province decreases year by year, and the prevention and control effect is significant. Patients with skeletal fluorosis are mainly in the age group of 55 years and older, and the proportion of patients with moderate to severe skeletal fluorosis is increasing. We should continue to monitor and manage the treatment of current patients with skeletal fluorosis.

Esophageal cancer is one of the top ten of the world's most common cancer. Although the incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in some high-risk areas in East Asia has being decreasing, it is still the most common histologic subtypes. A great many of patients with ESCC not only are diagnosed in an advanced stage but also have a high mortality rate. With the application of tumor immunotherapy in ESCC treatment in recent years, the prognosis of ESCC patients has been improved to a certain extent. This article intends to review the research progress of immunotherapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Lobectomy and systematic nodules resection has been the standard surgical procedure for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, increased small-size lung cancer has been identified with the widespread implementation of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening, and it is controversial whether it is proper to choose lobar resection for the pulmonary nodules. Numerous retrospective researches and randomized clinical trials, such as JCOG0201, JCOG0804/WJOG4507L, JCOG0802 and CALGB/Alliance 140503, revealed that the sublobar resection was safe and effective for NSCLC with maximum tumor diameter≤2 cm and with consolidation tumor ratio (CTR)≤0.25, and that segmentectomy was superior to lobectomy with significant differences in 5-year overall survival rate and respiratory function for patients with small-size (≤2 cm, CTR>0.5) NSCLC and should be the standard surgical procedure. It is the principle for multiple primary lung cancer that priority should be given to primary lesions with secondary lesions considered, and it is feasible to handle the multiple lung nodules based on the patients' individual characteristics.

The widespread use of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) in lung cancer screening has enabled more and more lung nodules to get identified of which more than 20% are multiple pulmonary nodules. At present, there is no guideline or consensus for multiple pulmonary nodules whose management is based primarily on the pulmonary imaging characteristics and associated risk factors. Herein, this review covers the imaging methods, CT appearances and management of multiple pulmonary nodules.

Tissue engineering has already become an important research direction of trachea substitute; the construction of the scaffold is one of the key factors for a tissue engineering trachea .With the development and the maturity of the technology of 3D-printing, the design and manufacture of the tissue engineered scaffold is widely broadened, various types of 3D-printed scaffold are researched constantly.This review aims to summarize and evaluates the latest progress of the experiments about 3D-printed tissue engineering scaffold.

Tissue engineering is a comprehensive discipline that combines materials science, life sciences, and engineering to repair, and improve and preserve damaged tissues or organs through cell or tissue reconstruction. In recent years, with the rapid development of tissue engineering technology, tissue engineering trachea has gradually become a new approach to tracheal replacement therapy. However, due to the slender and periodic distribution of the blood vessels supplying the trachea, tracheal grafts cannot obtain sufficient blood supply to maintain its demand, making its vascularization problem one of the major obstacles to the development of tissue engineering trachea. In the construction of tissue engineering trachea, the vascularization strategy of seed cells, tracheal scaffold and growth factors have gradually become the focus of research. In this paper, the current researches on tissue engineering tracheal vascularization were reviewed.

Objective To understand the status of total fluoride intake for persons over 16 years old after implementation of comprehensive prevention and control measures in historical severe diseased areas of coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis in Guizhou Province.Methods In 2017,a total of 3 villages were selected as survey sites in Hehua,Jifeng and Jiping villages,which were heavier and did not meet the standards for elimination of the disease areas.Dental fluorosis of all children aged 8-12 were examined in these three villages.In each village,10 households were selected and average daily intake of staple foods,vegetables and drinking water per person over 16 years of age were surveyed.Samples of corn,rice,dried pepper,drinking water,and indoor air were collected and the content of fluoride was measured,and total fluoride intakes for adults were calculated.The survey results were compared with the survey data of 2006.Results The detection rates of dental fluorosis of children aged 8-12 in Hehua,Jifeng and Jiping were 16.86％ (29/172),17.90％ (29/162),7.94％ (10/126),respectively,and the differences were statistically significant compared to those of 2006 [94.32％ (216/229),100.00％ (72/72)、99.63％ (267/268),x2 =247.97,136.95,345.13,P ＜ 0.01].The fluorosis indices were 0.36,0.40,and 0.12,respectively.In the three villages,the medians of fluoride in drinking water were 0.040,0.029 and 0.033 mg/L.The staple food was rice,and their medians fluorine content were 0.019,0.016,and 0.015 mg/kg,respectively,which decreased 99.89％,99.96％,99.95％,compared with those of 2006 (the staple food was corn,with medians of 17.520,36.620 and 27.770 mg/kg).The medians of fluorine in dried pepper were 2.09,1.97 and 0.35 mg/kg,respectively,which decreased 99.59％,99.81％,99.96％,respectively,compared with those of 2006 (514.21,1 035.29,947.78 mg/kg),the differences were statistically significant (Z =2.079,2.542,2.449,P ＜ 0.01).No fluoride was detected in indoor air samples 24 hours a day.The average daily intake of fluorine per person over 16 years in the three villages were 0.304,0.279,0.273 mg,which decreased 98.45％,99.18％ and 99.00％,respectively compared to those of 2006 (19.564,33.837,27.224 mg).Conclusion Total fluoride levels are significantly lower in people over 16 years of age in the historical severe disease areas of coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis in Guizhou Province.

Guizhou had the most serious coal-burning-borne fluorosis areas and was the first implemented province-wide comprehensive control measures in 2010.Through sustainable comprehensive prevention and control measures,the utilization rate of household coal resources in the disease affected areas had been effectively reduced.We improved the structure of domestic energy sources,made significant progress in energy conservation and emission reduction,and significantly improved air pollution.The concept of health and hygiene had been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.The transformation of citizens' knowledge,trust and conduct gradually took shape,and the comprehensive prevention and control measures achieved remarkable results.