Background: : Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs and lower respiratory system that is the most common cause of death in children under age 5 years old in sub-Saharan Africa. The mortality of pneumonia in children around 18% of mortality rate in under 5 years old, of which 3% occur in newborns. Objective: : To study management outcome of pneumonia among children under 5 years at pediatric ward, Khammouane Hospital, Vientiane Hospital and Paklay Community Hospital, Lao PDR Methodology: : This was retrospective study. Data collection by using questionnaire form by copy data from document of patient. The data entered by Epi-data and analysis by SPSS program. Result: : A total of 173 participants, more than half of the patients are male (55.5%), aged between 1-3 years old (46.8%) and most of them was Lao-Loum group (74.6%). Management outcome almost of all had better/well (93.6%), not better/not well (5.8%) and there is one case of death during treatment (0.6%). Analysis of the association between the management outcome found that fever were associated significant with management outcome (p-value: 0.033), the duration of the fever (p-value: 0.007) and eat-drink were associated significant with management outcome (p-value <0.001). Also, those who had a treatment before admitted to hospital were association significant with management outcome (98.0%, p-value: 0.002). For clinical examination were association significant with management outcome such as mental status (p-vale <0.001), breathing rate (p-value: 0.048) and fluctuating nasal symptoms had management outcome (p-value <0.001). Besides, wheezing symptoms, breathing characteristics, chest-rib sounds and abnormal sounds at the lung point were associated statistically significant with management outcome of pneumonia (p-value <0.05). Conclusion: The outcome of pneumonia among children under 5 years old, most of all patients had better/well. There are only 10 cases where the symptoms did not better and 1 case died. Most of the treatment period is 4-7 days and mild complication in during hospitalization. There should be health education about the symptoms and dangers of the disease to the child's parents to bring the child to the hospital urgently.

Rationale and Background: : End-stage renal disease (ESRD), also known as end-stage kidney disease, is the final stage of chronic kidney disease, where the kidneys no longer function adequately to support the needs of daily life. The treatments for ESRD are dialysis or kidney transplantation. To assess the health-related quality of life (HQOL) in ESRD patients on hemodialysis at : Objectives: Khammouane Provincial Hospital and Champasak Provincial Hospital, Lao PDR. Methodology: : This descriptive cross-sectional study collected data through questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. The data was collected in Epi-data and analysis was conducted in SPSS using descriptive statistics and exploring associations between HQOL and different participant factors. Results: : A total of 270 participants were included in the study, of whom 68.5% were male. The participants’ ages ranged from 25 to 78 years, with a mean of age was 45.48 years. Hemodialysis (41.1%) had high HQOL; with a mean score of 36/56. More than half the respondents (63.7%) received a high level of family support, while 71.5% received a low level of peer support. Nearly half of participants (41.1%) reported good behavior level. Females were 2.4 times more likely to have high health quality of life compared to male respondents (OR=2.46, 95%CI= 1.18–10.10). It was found that respondents who described themselves as staff/student/merchant were 2.9 times likely to have a high HQOL compared to respondents who were unemployed, a laborer or farmer (OR=2.93, 95%CI= 1.01-8.44). Additionally, ESRD patients who underwent hemodialysis two to three times per week reported a HQOL 3.8 times higher than those who underwent hemodialysis HQOL once per week (OR=3.84, 95% CI=1.30-11.31). The respondents who had a high level of family support were 1.4 times more likely to have a higher HQOL than those who received low levels of family support (OR=1.38, 95% CI=1.48-10.94). Respondents with good health-related behaviours were 2.0 times more likely to have a high HQOL than those with poor behaviours (OR = 3.73, 95% CI: 1.47–9.43). Conclusion: This study found that overall patients with ESRD had a poor health quality of life. Female patients reported higher HQOL than males. More than half of all participants received strong family support but had low levels of peer support. Additionally, health-related behaviours played a significant role in improving HQOL.

Background: : Self-medication has played an important role in the community. It was estimated there is an increasing number of people using of drugs, especially antibiotics without consulting doctors, particularly among mother with children under five-year-olds and pregnant women. Objective: : To identify the factors influencing self-medication for their minor illness among pregnant women Methodology: : A cross-sectional study was conducted on the self-medication of antibiotics for their minor illness among pregnant women in Naxathong district, Vientiane capital. This survey aimed to describe the socio-demographic characteristics of pregnant women, explore the pregnant women’s knowledge on antibiotics use for their minor illness and determine factors influencing the use of antibiotics as self-medication. One hundred and twelve pregnant women were face to face interview. Result: : The survey showed that some pregnant women still experience in using antibiotics as self-medication for their minor illness (16.5%) and majority were recommended by doctors and nurses (19%), their knowledge on antibiotics had high level, they can identify correctly names of sample of antibiotics when we showed them (Ampicillin, amoxicillin , Bactrim and doxycycline ) but they mostly did not know their side effects of those antibiotics (45%) and cross tabulation of medical professional recommendation and sources of information about medicine use had a significantly associated with the self-medication of antibiotics for their minor illness (P value < 0.05) while concerning to other factors were not significantly associated with self-medication practices with antibiotics (P value >0.05). Conclusion: Although, self-medication of antibiotics among pregnant women was low but they still did not know about side effect of antibiotics. For further intervention to maintain their rational use of medicines, particularly antibiotics and achievement of the program in promoting rational use of medicines at the community level, the district hospital should be conducted regularly the intervention about rational use of medicines for this target group.

Background and rationale: The development of skilled staff is the main function of the medical education system, which is the process of building people with knowledge, skills, wisdom, ability to analyze, know how to solve problems, ability to learn by themselves and adapt to changes in the regional-international environment. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the consistency of context, input, process and product of medical curriculum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences by using the Context Input Process and Product (CIPP) model evaluation. Methodology: This study was cross-sectional descriptive study of medical student years 5 to 6, managers and teachers. Data were collected by using questionnaires in face-to-face interviews. The data were entered in Epi-data with analysis by SPSS. Results: 1). Contextually, the curriculum philosophy, objectives of curriculum, structure of curriculum and learning contents of each course were regarded as consistent at high level. 2). Regarding the input teaching, students and learning – teaching materials/equipment, pocket book and places were consistent at moderate levels. 3). Considering the process, the curriculum administration, the learning – teaching management, the evaluation and assessment were consistent at high level and 4). for products, the behavior, attitude, virtue and ethical national of professional, communication skill and relationship, basic knowledge, clinic skill, check-up skill by using basic tools and improve of professional knowledge were consistent at high level. Conclusion The medical curriculum of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Health Sciences is consistent at high levels. When considering each aspect, it can be seen that: the context, the process and the product are consistent at high levels. In terms of input factors, there is consistency at a moderate level.