Background: Globally, the average age at menarche was 16–17 years approximately 100 years ago, whereas it has now decreased to 12–13 years. A cohort study published in 2024 involving 71,341 participants titled “Menarche and Time to Cycle Regularity Among Individuals Born Between 1950 and 2005 in the US” reported a decline in the mean age at menarche from 12.5 years among women born between 1950 and 1969 to 11.9 years among those born between 2000 and 2005. Early menarche has been shown to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, breast cancer, insulin resistance, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. Aim: To assess the association between age at menarche and body mass index in adolescent girls aged 11–19 years in middle and high schools in Ulaanbaatar. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 75 adolescent girls aged 11–19 years from General Secondary School No. 42 in Songinokhairkhan District, Ulaanbaatar. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire covering demographics, age at menarche, and potential influencing factors. Body mass index was evaluated using international standard criteria. Result: Among the participants, age at menarche occurred at 12 years in 34.7%, 13 years in 26.7%, 14 years in 16.0% and 15 years in 5.3%. Nutritional status assessment showed that 60 participants (80.6%) had a normal body mass index, 13 (17.3%) were underweight, 1 (1.3%) was overweight and 1 (1.3%) had class I obesity. With respect to residential status, 42 participants (56.0%) resided in private houses, 17 (22.7%) in traditional gers, 15 (20.0%) in apartments and 1 (1.3%) in rented housing. Conclusion An association between body mass index and age at menarche was demonstrated among the adolescent girls included in this study, with higher body mass index associated with an earlier age at menarche.

Background: Although isotretinoin has been confirmed by clinical and experimental studies to be a teratogenic agent that causes fetal developmental abnormalities, its effects on placental development and placental-like extra-embryonic vascularization have not been sufficiently studied. The vascularization of the chorioallantoic membrane is structurally and functionally similar to mammalian placental vascularization, which provided the rationale for conducting this study. Aim: To study the effect of isotretinoin on chorioallantoic membrane vascularization using an in ovo chick embryo model. Materials and Methods: A comparative experimental control study was conducted using fertilized eggs of the same developmental age from Gallus gallus domesticus. At the HH10 embryonic stage, the control group received avian saline, while the experimental group was administered isotretinoin (5 µg/100 µL). Vascularization of the yolk sac and chorioallantoic membrane was evaluated at the macro- and tissue levels at 72 and 120 hours of embryonic development. Vessel branching order, vascular density, and capillary number were compared, and statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Result: In the control group, vascularization progressed actively, with abundant formation of third and fourth order vessels, resulting in a dense reticular network. In contrast, the isotretinoin treated group showed delayed vessel branching, a marked reduction in the number of third- and fourth-order vessels, and an overall decrease in vascular density of 40–60%. Histological analysis revealed thinning of the chorioallantoic membrane, loss of tissue layers, and thinning of vascular walls, and the number of capillaries was significantly lower than in the control group (p<0.01). In addition, the development of chorioallantoic membrane vascularization in chick embryos was found to be structurally and developmentally similar to mammalian placental vascularization. Conclusion Isotretinoin was shown to inhibit the development of the chorioallantoic membrane and markedly reduce vascularization and differentiation in an in ovo chick embryo model.

Background: Chorioamnionitis, defined as an infection of the chorionic and amniotic membranes, is a significant contributor to maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The condition triggers an inflammatory immune response between the mother and fetus, thereby increasing the risk of preterm delivery and neonatal infection. Globally, chorioamnionitis occurs in approximately 2–4% of term deliveries and 40–70% of preterm births, with an inverse relationship to gestational age. In 2015, an expert panel led by the U.S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development recommended replacing the term “chorioamnionitis” with the broader concept of intrauterine infection or inflammation, abbreviated as “Triple I,” and proposed diagnostic criteria based on six clinical indicators. Aim: To identify intrauterine infection (chorioamnionitis) among pregnant women using the “Triple I” diagnostic criteria. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using medical records from women who delivered at Urguu Maternity Hospital in 2024. Data were collected from archival records, including clinical signs, physical examination findings, laboratory results, and histopathological analyses, in accordance with the “Triple I” criteria established by the U.S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Of the total 5,838 deliveries recorded in 2024, 326 cases were selected and analyzed. Result: The mean age of the pregnant women included in the study was 31.5±6.4 years (range: 15–44 years). Of all births, 91.1% were preterm and 8.9% were term. Gestational age ranged from 28 to 44 weeks, with a mean of 35.1±1.7 weeks and an additional 2.5±2.1 days. Among the 29 term mothers diagnosed with chorioamnionitis, 38% developed fever during labor or in the postpartum period, whereas 62% had no history of fever. According to the “Triple I” criteria for intrauterine infection, fever was observed in 17 cases (5.2%), while 6 cases (35.3%) were classified as suspected. Among the suspected cases, placental histopathological examination confirmed inflammation and infection in 1 case (5.8%), thereby establishing the diagnosis of chorioamnionitis. Comparison of preterm and term mothers based on the “Triple I” criteria showed that clinical signs were less pronounced in preterm births; however, infection progression and diagnostic confirmation were more frequent compared with term births. Conclusion 1. Chorioamnionitis was suspected in 5.2% of pregnant women, with histopathological confirmation in approximately one in seven cases. 2. Based on the “Triple I” criteria, clinical manifestations were more frequently observed in term mothers, whereas chorioamnionitis was more commonly confirmed by placental histopathology in preterm mothers.

Background: Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is one of the leading causes of lower back pain and disability, significantly impacting public health and socio-economic well-being. International studies have shown that paraspinal muscle size and structure correlate with age, body mass index (BMI), and spinal disorders. However, comprehensive MRI-based research investigating the correlation between LDH and specific morphometric parameters in Mongolia remains limited. Aim: To evaluate lumbar disc herniation using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and compare paraspinal muscle volume and subcutaneous fat thickness. Materials and Methods: An observational retrospective study design was conducted between June 2024 and June 2025 at Asraltmed and Orgil hospitals, enrolling 300 cases selected from 2,840 lumbar spine MRI scans based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Demographic data (age, sex, BMI) were collected alongside MRI metrics. LDH type, size, location, and severity were evaluated using axial, sagittal, and coronal views across T1WI, T2WI, and STIR/T2FS sequences. Paraspinal muscle cross-sectional area (Multifidus, Erector spinae, Psoas) was measured on axial T1WI and T2WI sequences, while subcutaneous fat thickness was measured on sagittal T2WI sequences. LDH parameters were evaluated in relation to paraspinal muscle measurements, subcutaneous fat thickness, and BMI. Disc degeneration was classified using the Pfirrmann grading system, and statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS 25.0. Result: The mean age of participants was 45.6±12.3 years. Higher BMI (r=0.41) and increased subcutaneous fat thickness (r=0.46) showed a significant positive correlation with LDH severity (p<0.001). Conversely, paraspinal muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) was negatively correlated with LDH severity (r=0.49, p<0.001). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that age, sex, BMI, subcutaneous fat thickness, and paraspinal muscle CSA were statistically significantly associated with LDH (p<0.01). Subgroup analysis by sex demonstrated similar correlations between paraspinal muscle size, subcutaneous fat thickness, and LDH severity in both male and female groups. Conclusion Lumbar disc herniation severity is associated with increased BMI and subcutaneous fat thickness, as well as decreased paraspinal muscle mass. Normalized muscle parameters reduce sex-related discrepancies and establish an effective MRI-based risk assessment approach.

Background: Ovarian cancer (OC) ranks first in mortality among gynecological malignancies, and according to the 2024 WHO report, 90–95% of ovarian tumors are diagnosed as high-grade malignant forms. Early identification of ovarian cancer risk factors is of great importance in improving diagnostic and treatment management. Aim: To investigate risk factors influencing malignant and benign ovarian tumors in women. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using a prospective observational design between 2025 and 2026, based at the Departments of Gynecological Surgery of the National Cancer Center (NCC) and the Mongolian Japanese Teaching Hospital (MJTH). A total of 93 women aged 26–78 years diagnosed with ovarian masses (72% benign, 28% malignant) were enrolled, and data were collected using a 116-item questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using binary logistic regression in SPSS 25.0. Results: The mean age of the malignant group (53.45±12.97) was statistically significantly higher than that of the benign group (38.95±12.81) (p<0.0001). Lower educational level (p=0.046) and higher smoking rates (p=0.034) were observed in the malignant group. Regarding symptoms, abdominal distension (p=0.005), urinary difficulty (p=0.016), and weight loss (p=0.002) were predominantly present in the malignant group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that weight loss increased the risk of malignant ovarian tumor by 7.0-fold (OR=7.0; 95% CI: 1.74–28.14; p=0.006), urinary difficulty by 4.05-fold (OR=4.05; 95% CI: 1.23–13.37; p=0.022), and abdominal distension by 3.52-fold (OR=3.52; 95% CI: 1.43–8.67; p=0.006). Additionally, menstrual irregularity, postmenopausal status, and family history of ovarian cancer were statistically significantly associated with malignancy. Conclusion Malignant ovarian tumors predominantly occur in postmenopausal women, with risk increasing with age. Weight loss, urinary difficulty, and abdominal distension are the key clinical symptoms for differentiating malignant tumors, and menstrual irregularity, menopausal status, and family history showed statistically significant associations with malignancy. The use of the HE4 biomarker and the ROMA algorithm is recommended for early detection of ovarian cancer in future practice.

Background: Cervical cancer is a common disease among women. Treatment for cervical cancer includes surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Cisplatin is the first-line chemotherapy drug for cervical cancer. Research has shown that about 20% of cervical cancer patients become resistant to chemotherapy, which results in decreased results, tumor recurrence, and poor prognosis. Therefore, researching new drugs, improving the sensitivity of cervical cancer cells to cisplatin, and improving the effectiveness of cervical cancer treatment is the basis of this research. Aim: To investigate the inhibitory effect of curcumin on cisplatin-resistant cervical cancer Hela/DDP and SiHa/DDP cell lines. Materials and Methods: The study utilized cisplatin-resistant cervical squamous carcinoma (SiHa/DDP) and adenocarcinoma (Hela/DDP) cell lines. The cells in the experimental group were treated with 8.5 μM of curcumin, while the control group received only the culture medium. A colony formation assay was conducted to assess cell proliferation, with colonies stained using crystal violet; the number of colonies was then counted and compared between the two groups. Results : 1. In the Hela/DDP cell line, the control group formed an average of 507.7±15.70 colonies, whereas the experimental group, treated with curcumin, formed 112.3±16.17 colonies. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (p < 0.0001). 2. In the SiHa/DDP cell line, the control group had an average of 450.3±17.95 colonies, while the experimental group treated with curcumin had 198.3±13.05 colonies. This difference was also statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Conclusions 1. Curcumin significantly reduces the proliferation of cisplatin-resistant cervical squamous cell carcinoma (Hela/DDP) cells. 2. Curcumin significantly reduces the proliferation of cisplatin-resistant cervical adenocarcinoma (SiHa/DDP) cells.

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) is a globally prevalent metabolic disorder associated with macrovascular and microvascular complications. The number of patients diagnosed with T2DM has exceeded 460 million worldwide and continues to rise. Insulin resistance is a primary pathogenic factor contributing to various systemic complications. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a critical biomarker for monitoring glucose control in T2DM patients.
This study aimed to compare the mean platelet volume (MPV) between different groups of T2DM patients to assess the impact of disease progression and glycemic control. A total of 152 patients were categorized based on disease duration and glycemic control. The results showed that patients diagnosed for less than one year had a mean MPV of 9.8±1.0 fl, while those diagnosed for more than five years had a mean MPV of 9.0±0.95 fl. Comparative analysis with international studies indicated that MPV is significantly higher in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic individuals. Furthermore, patients with poor glycemic control exhibited a decrease in platelet count, aligning with findings in metabolic disease research.
The study findings suggest that both disease duration and glycemic control status influence platelet volume and count variations. Monitoring MPV can serve as an early indicator of diabetes-related complications. This research underscores the importance of continuous platelet parameter assessment in diabetic patients to predict and manage potential vascular complications effectively.

This study examines the association between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 109 randomly selected T2DM patients, stratified into three groups based on HbA1c levels: good control (14%, HbA1c <7%), moderate control (16%, HbA1c 7–8%), and poor control (70%, HbA1c >8%). Demographic and hematological parameters were analyzed, with NLR calculated from complete blood count data.
Results demonstrated a significant increase in NLR with deteriorating glycemic control (good: 1.8±0.8; moderate: 1.9±0.8; poor: 2.3±1.2; p=0.015). No significant age or gender differences were observed among groups. Patients with longer diabetes duration (>5 years) exhibited higher HbA1c and NLR levels, suggesting a link between chronic hyperglycemia and inflammation. The findings support NLR as a low-cost, accessible inflammatory marker for T2DM progression.
This study highlights NLR’s potential as a clinical biomarker for monitoring glycemic control and systemic inflammation in T2DM. Future research should investigate NLR’s predictive value for diabetes-related complications.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by menstrual irregularities, hormonal imbalance, clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism, and the presence of multiple ovarian follicles. It is one of the major causes of infertility, endometrial carcinoma, and pregnancy-related complications. PCOS is not limited to the reproductive system; it is a chronic disorder associated with metabolic abnormalities and increased cardiovascular risk, which can negatively affect women’s long-term quality of life.In recent years, growing attention has been given to the metabolic alterations seen in women with PCOS-particularly hyperuricemia-and to the emerging role of novel anthropometric indicators such as neck circumference. Given the limited data on these parameters among Mongolian women with PCOS, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum uric acid levels and selected anthropometric measurements. Aim: To examine the association between serum uric acid concentration and selected anthropometric parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in a clinical setting and included 120 women aged 15–35 years. Participants completed a structured questionnaire that collected information on age, menstrual cycle characteristics, and medication use. Anthropometric measurements-including height, weight, neck, waist, and hip circumference—were recorded. PCOS was diagnosed based on the Rotterdam criteria. Serum uric acid levels were determined through biochemical testing. Statistical analyses were performed using the t-test and Pearson correlation test. Results: Of the 120 women enrolled, 45.8% (n=55) were diagnosed with PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria, while 54.2% (n=65) were classified as controls. The mean neck circumference was 36.2±2.5 cm in the PCOS group and 31.5±1.8 cm in the control group (p<0.001). The mean waist circumference was 88.4±7.9 cm in the PCOS group and 75.8±6.7 cm in the control group (p<0.001). The mean hip circumference was 103.5±6.5 cm among women with PCOS and 94.7±5.5 cm in the control group (p<0.01). The waist-to-hip ratio was significantly higher in the PCOS group (0.85±0.07) compared to controls (0.80±0.05, p<0.05). Among women with PCOS, the mean serum uric acid concentration was 476±8.5 µmol/L, which-although not exceeding the upper reference limit for women (400 µmol/L) was slightly higher than the average value in healthy individuals. Conclusion Compared with healthy controls, women with PCOS demonstrated significantly higher anthropometric indices. Although serum uric acid did not surpass the reference maximum, elevated mean levels indicate a potential risk marker for metabolic disorders. The strongest correlation was observed between uric acid and neck circumference, suggesting this parameter may serve as a more sensitive anthropometric indicator than BMI or waist-to-hip rat

Background: Uterine leiomyomas are smooth muscle tumors and are the most common type of pelvic tumors in women. Uterine myomectomy, the surgical removal of uterine leiomyomas, is one of the most frequently performed procedures in gynecological surgery. From 2022 to 2024, uterine myomectomy accounted for 29.3% of all surgical procedures performed in the Gynecology Department of the Mongolia-Japan Hospital. Although research in this field has been undertaken in our country, there is a marked paucity of evidence regarding the use of vasoconstrictive agents during laparoscopic myomectomy, which underscores the rationale for the present study. Aim: Present study was aimed to A study of effectiveness of vasopressin for the patients undergoing laparoscopic myomectomy. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted after receiving ethical approval from the Research ethics committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (No.24-25/06-02, March 24, 2025). The study data was collected from electronic medical records using a five-category card and was performed using a descriptive research design. Between 2022 and 2024, a comparative study was conducted at the Gynecology Department of the Mongolia-Japan Hospital of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. The study compared the effectiveness of two groups undergoing laparoscopic myomectomy for uterine leiomyoma: 74 cases (Group 1) where vasopressin was used, and 20 cases (Group 2) where traditional vasoconstrictor agent were administered. Data was collected quantitative and qualitative data were coded and analysed using SPSS 26.0 version. Difference of proportions between qualitative variables were tested using chi- square test and numerical variables were tested using independent t-test as applicable. Results: The average age of the participants was 40.48±6.01 years. Among these patients 52.1% (n=94) cases had single uterine fibroid nodules, 34% cases had two to three uterine fibroid nodules, and 13.9% cases had multiple uterine fibroid nodules. Of the study participants 6.4% (n=94) were asymptomatic upon hospital admission, while 93.6% had one or more symptoms related to uterine leiomyoma, with two or three symptoms appearing together. When comparing the average intraoperative blood loss during surgery between the two groups, the traditional vasoconstrictor agent group had 291.5±189.8 ml, while the vasopressin group had 160.6±82.5 ml (95% CI: 74.1-187.6, p=0.000). The surgical duration time for the vasopressin group was 112.4±39.2 minutes, and for the traditional vasoconstrictor agent group, it was 138.2±55.6 minutes (95% CI: 4.1-47.4, p=0.02). The rate of conversion from laparoscopic to open myomectomy was 5% (n=1) in the traditional group, while it was 0% (n=0) in the vasopressin group. Blood transfusion rates were 0% (n=0) for the vasopressin group and 10% (n=2) for the traditional vasoconstrictor agent group (p=0.006). Conclusion The local use of a vasopressin injection during laparoscopic myomectomy for uterine leiomyoma resulted in a shorter surgical duration time and less intraoperative blood loss. Furthermore, it is significant for reducing the use of blood products during surgery. In addition, it significantly reduces the common complications of myomectomy, such as bleeding and the conversion of laparoscopic to open surgery.