Background: Problems related to sleep affect approximately 23-56% of the world’s population. In Mongolia, the prevalence of non-organic sleep disorders is estimated at 27.9%, among which 42.2% of the population have poor sleep quality. Long-term insomnia can have a negative impact on an individual’s normal work and life, increasing the risk of various health problems. Severe insomnia can reduce work efficiency and concentration, thereby causing serious harm. Traditional medicine has a long history of treating insomnia. However, there are currently no systematic studies on insomnia based on ancient traditional medical books. Goal: Based on the ancient medical literature of traditional medicine, identify the underlying diseases that cause insomnia and compare their symptoms. Materials and Methods: We adopted the checklist method to list the relevant information of insomnia from the literature, providing a prerequisite for further analysis and the issue of syndrome differentiation of insomnia was analyzed by using comparison methods.
The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences at its meeting on June 24, 2025 (No. 04), and ethical clearance was granted for the conduct of this study. Results: The research materials we selected did not describe insomnia as a dedicated chapter, but mentioned the content related to insomnia in the form of disease symptoms, such as terms like ”sleeplessness”, ”reduced sleep” and ”light sleep”. We explore the underlying diseases of insomnia based on the above symptoms related to insomnia and analyze the syndrome differentiation of insomnia. Exploring the underlying disease of insomnia:
1. Insomnia caused by diseases resulting from Wind include Wind delirium, palpitations, bone marrow Wind, heart Wind, lung Wind, Wind-induced diabetes, Wind tsbs.
2. Insomnia caused by diseases resulting from Bile include heat Bile, heart Bile, liver sdembu, deficiency heat, Invisible heat and epidemic heat.
3. Other diseases include mugpo spreads to the heart, heart chuser, trichomoniasis and childhood evil spirit disease.
We also compared the symptoms of the underlying diseases that cause insomnia and listed their similarities and differences. Conclusion The underlying etiologies of insomnia were categorized into Wind, Bile, Mugpo, yellow fluid, parasitic and evil spirit disorders. Accordingly, effective management of insomnia requires differentiation based on the primary disease and an individualized treatment approach that integrates both etiological and symptomatic therapies.

Background: Spine diseases, back pain, curvature, and intervertebral disorders are increasing among the population of Mongolia. According to a study of diseases covering 195 countries of the world in 1990-2016, spine disease ranked third among non-communicable diseases. However, at present, very little research has been done on the prevalence of spinal diseases among the population of Mongolia. Research goal: Detecting the location of spinal pain in patients with back pain, curvature and other pains who visited “Altanmed” hospital. Research methods: The study was conducted in a hospital setting using a snapshot survey method. From January 1, 2021, to January 1, 2022, a total of 2,210 patients were examined and treated at “Altanmed” hospital, of which 560 therapists were randomly selected from patients over 18 years old and participated in the study. Subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire and rate their pain on a 0-10 scale. Conclusion
1. 69.8% (n=391) of 560 patients who came to “Altanmed” hospital with back pain were lumbar and lower back pain.
2. 74.4% (n=291) or the majority has lumbar and lower back pain among patients aged 31-50. Of the 391 clients with lower back pain, 11.5% or 45 had mild (pain score 1-3), 52.9% (n=207) moderate (pain score 4-6), and 35.5% (n=139) severe pain (pain score 7-10), and the groups differ with statistical probability (p<0.01).
3. Regarding the duration of pain, 8.4% (n=33) had acute pain up to the last 3 months, and the remaining 91.6% had chronic back pain. The average pain scale was 5.76 (SD±1.8).

Background: Some scholars believe that the study of ancient medical works to gain insight into their scientific concepts and correctly understand the profound techniques of doctors are very important to the development of traditional medicine in the 21st century. Cardiovascular disease, the third leading cause of morbidity in Mongolia's population, was 936 per 10,000 people in 2021, an increase of 128 over the ten-year average and 68 decreased the previous year. According to 2021 statistics, cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death in the population, with 5000-5500 deaths per year, or one death in every three people. In 2021, hypertension accounted for 51.6 percent of cardiovascular diseases, an increase of 7.9 percent from 2012. Goal: To analyze the mechanism of action of Marcin-13 on the wind-blood ascending disease and compare with its effect on the pathological model of hypertension induced by dexamethasone. Materials and methods: In our study, we used the book named "Oral Instruction Tantra" as main reference material and for research methods, we used the checklist method to list relevant information about the pathogenesis of wind-blood ascending disease and Dmar chen-13 traditional medicine from the literature, so as to provide preconditions for further analysis. The pathogenesis of wind-blood ascending disease and the mechanism of action of Dmar chen-13 were analyzed by theoretical analysis methods and the comparison method was used to contrast the mechanism of action of Dmar chen-13 on the wind-blood ascending disease and its effect on the pathological model of hypertension induced by dexamethasone. Results The mechanism of action of Dmar chen-13 in the treatment of wind and blood ascending disease is to transform pathological blood into physiological blood so as to adjust the disorder of wind and blood and finally achieve the purpose of treatment. We compared the mechanism of action of Dmar chen-13 on wind and blood ascending disease with its effect on the dexamethasone-induced hypertension model. Inhibiting the release of renin, angiotensin and aldosterone is equivalent to transforming pathological blood into physiological blood, opening up blood vessels, and balancing wind and blood disorders in traditional medicine.

Abstract: Mongolian traditional medicine is an enormous knowledge that has been battling with long term diseases of Mongolian ancestors by gaining experience, analyzing and learning from foreign medicinal theory and practice for 5000 years. Throughout this long historic evolution Mongolian scholars have published many writings about diagnosis, treatment, medicines and ingredients and among these arised Mongolian traditional medicine theory and practice.
The development basis of XXI century traditional medicine are the books and writings of previous doctors, scientists’ knowledge and search through them in depth about practice, medicine especially ingredients and their correlation backgrounds are essential. Purpose: Analyzing additional methods of the prescription included in the “man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma” written by Khamba Nomun Khan Luvsandanzanjantsan Methods: Methods of check list, textual analysis for ancient books and analysis and synthesis were used in the study. Conclusion There ara 47 prescription for the addition medicine included in the “man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma” written by Khamba Nomun Khan Luvsandanzanjantsan. We classified them into 4 categories as supporting medicine, ruling medicine, changed medicine and dominant medicine.
The supporting medicines were chosen by doctors’ knowledge and practice. Ruling medicine ingredients are used to elevate the effects on the cause, nature and symptoms of the disease, changed medicine ingredients are used to treat three humors’s disorders and dominant medicine ingredients are used to treat complications.

Background: During the historical development of traditional medicine, many books and manuscripts have been written in Mongolian medicine. The main textbook of traditional medicine states that: “The size of a bone consists of 23 bone species, 28 spinal joints, 24 ribs, 32 teeth, and 360 pieces of bone.”
However, modern medicine estimates that the human body has 206 bones. Therefore, this topic was chosen to study the source material of traditional medicine, including the structure of the human body, and the number of bones in the modern medical anatomy textbook. Purpose: Details of the number of bones in the human body in the “Four Medical Tantras” (རྒྱུད་བཞི) of traditional medicine and its commentary, as well as compare with the number of bones in the basic textbook of anatomy of modern medicine. Objectives: In order to successfully implement the research objectives, the following objectives will be implemented. These include:
1. Sampling and analyzing number of bones from traditional medicine;
2. Sampling and analyzing bone numbers from modern medical textbooks;
3. Compare the names and numbers of bones in traditional medicine and modern medicine Results: The number, classification and features of human bones were analyzed from the main scriptures of traditional medicine such as “Explanatory Tantra”, of the “Four Medical Tantras” and the “Legs bshad gser gyi thur ma” by Blo-bzang-chos-grags. In addition, the number of bones in the human body was sampled from modern medical textbooks and prepared for comparison. The number and characteristics of bones in the human body were compared by traditional medicine and modern medicine and made a conclusion.
This study reveals that the foundations for the integrated development of traditional medicine were laid long ago in Mongolian medicine. In addition, to highlight the book “Four Medical Tantras”, which is the basis of the textbook on the structure of the human body and the research work of scientists and scholars, which is considered in Mongolian mamba datsan’s contribution to the science of human anatomy. The importance of this research is to change the extremes of Western medicine and traditional medicine and increase opportunities to use its introduction and development into training and clinical practice. Conclusion
1. The main creature of body structure in traditional medicine is the “Four Medical Tantras” which generally assumes that the numbers of bones are 360 but does not specify it in detail. During the research, we identified 357 bone names to identify each bone. The names and locations of the three bones were not clearly marked in the medical sources.
2. The numbers of bones are 206 in modern medical textbooks. We recalculated 151 bones based on traditional medical sources without duplication of that.
3. Compared to traditional medicine and modern medicine, the number of bones and are higher than 154 bone names in traditional medicine because we included the number of teeth, small bones in the ears and small bones in the fingers and toes. Some cartilage was also counted as bones.

Introduction: More than 30 years have passed since the revived and developed of traditional medicine, and dozens of textbooks and publications on traditional medicine have been published and qualified personnel have been trained. However, there is a need to drastically improve the quality of traditional medical care and the knowledge and skills of doctors. Therefore, it is important to translate, study books written by ancient physicians, maaramba, and scholars, and to apply theory, diagnosis, and treatment methods in training and practice. Research materials and methods: Basic research materials: Naiman toin Jambaldorj (1792-1855). གསོ་བྱེད་མཛས་མཚར་ མིག་རྒྱན། Tibetan scripture of a wooden printing block. Method: We used germenevtic method and checklist method. Result: In the frame of this research, we used the medical sutra written by Jambaldorj as the main material in order to clarify the specialty and number of animal-oriented medicines in the “mdzes mtshar mig rgyan”. During the research, it was possible to clarify the structure, general content, and specialty of the sutra written by Jambaldorj, classify animal-oriented medicines according to the cyrillic alphabet, and make allegory names for some of the raw materials of animal origin. In addition, the study of animal-oriented medicines in the sutra showed that many issues were important, such as their identification, usages, and new production. As a result of the first study, we identified the characteristics and usages of some essential animal-oriented medicines. Conclusion Jambaldorj began writing the “mdzes mtshar mig rgyan” before leaving for Tibet, and later, during his pilgrimage to Tibet, he enriched and completed it in his book. It was found to correspond to the period 1817-1823. A selection of 124 animal-oriented medicines from the book “mdzes mtshar mig rgyan” was made. In this way, it is possible to interpret and explain the hidden meanings of animal-oriented medicines in this sutra, and to determine the usages of pharmacology and drug formulations.

Introduction: Luvsandanzanjantsan has written a total of 4 volumes, 79 collections and 220 classes in Tibetan, including 5 medical books. Luvsandanzanjantsan’s “man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma” sutra, which was the main research material for our study. We made it easier to start studying the “Root Tantra” of the “Four Medical Tantras”, a classic work of Indian and Tibetan medicine. “Four Medical Tantras” was the main guide for medical students of traditional medicine at that time. The book “man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma” has 18 pages sutra from the many works written by Khamba Nomun Khan. He summarized his experience and lessons learned in differential treatment of fever, some of the most common diseases in women, medical care for 22 diseases such as wind, bile and phlegm, measles, mumps, gonorrhea, edema, cold, and so on. We have studied the medicine treatment of colds from these treatments. Purpose: Explain the meaning of the use of anti-cold medicine in the “man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma” sutra by Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan. Methods: Methods of textual analysis for ancient books and analysis and synthesis were used in the study. Conclusion Luvsandanzanjantsan was not only a famous scientist who penetrated in many fields of knowledge, but also expanded the research work of Mongolian medicine and became the first Mongolian doctor to study medicine in outer Mongolia. There are three parts in the “man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma” sutra by Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan. For treatment to the anti-cold, Mana-4 tan and Norov-7 tan are used in preliminary stage, Tuglogunsel, Tushmel-3, Gajid-9, Erkhem-8, Gurgem-7, Rinchenshagba and Uvsun em-11 are used in hot stage.

Introduction: The basis of the development of traditional Mongolian medicine in the 21st century is the importance of reading and studying the biographies of previous generations of ancient doctors and scientists, as well as old medical books and sutras. For example, it is important to gain a deeper understanding of the scientific basis of the ancient medical books, and to understand the manuals and treatment’s methods of doctors and maarambas. Research goal: Studying the biography of Erdene Bandida Khutagt, Khamba Nomuun Khan Hanchen Choijal Luvsandanzanjantsan, and his medical book titled “gsal ba’i sgron me”. Research methods: We used following study methods; manuscripts, primary source methods, hermeneutic method, matrifocal listing method, historical comparative method and analysis synthesis method. Result: Erdene Bandida Khutagt, Khamba Nomuun Khan Hanchen Choijal Luvsandanzanjantsan, the first incarnation of the Lama Gegeen, was born on the 15th of January 1639, in Ulziit Ovoo, Sain Noyon Khan aimag. In 1643, at the age of five, he was initiated by Namkhaisodnomdagva and named Choijidorj. In 1644, at the age of six, he went to Tibet in order to study Tibetan script, calligraphy, and secret tantric rituals and other subjects including medicine taught by Luvsanyarpel, who came to Mongolia from the Dashlkhumbe Monastery of Tibet. Thus, from an early age, he was immersed in religious and medical teachings. Luvsandanzanjantsan has written five books in Tibetan. We selected the book titled “mkhan chen chos kyi rgyal poi gsung ‘bum las gso ba rig pa’i rtsa rgyud kyi’ grel pa gsal ba’i sgron me ces bya ba bzhugs so” as our main subject of study. The book clearly explains the “Root Tantra” of the “Four Medical Tantras”, clarifies the difficult words and content of the theory and makes it easier for people to learn. In addition, we have studied the structure, content, and concluding remarks of this book. Conclusion Luvsandanzanjantsan was not only a scientist who penetrated the five great sciences, but also made a valuable contribution to the expansion of Mongolian medical research field and the introduction of Tibetan medicine into Mongolia. He is credited with reviewing and commenting on the best medical works of Indian and Tibetan scholars.

Abstract: In recent years, the study of pharmacology and pharmaceutical formulation of traditional Mongolian medicine has been developing significantly. However, there are few research papers on Mongolian pharmacology and development of pharmaceutical formulation written by foreign researchers in ancient times. Therefore, the study was carried out to fill this “gap” and to clarify the ancient works of foreign researchers related to Mongolian pharmacology and development of pharmaceutical formulation. Purpose of the study: To chronologically identify the early works of foreign researchers on the study of pharmacology and pharmaceutical formulation of traditional Mongolian medicine. Research method: Hermeneutic approach, analysis of ancient textbook, and analysis and synthesis methods were used. Conclusion According to facts and eyewitnesses in the book of Zhouhou Beijifang (Emer- gency Prescriptions) by Ge Hong (261-341) of the Jin Dynasty, Jingui Yaolüe (Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet) by Chang Ji, the Northern Han Dynasty’s notes on “Xiongnu Doctors Carry Toxic Drugs”, Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh (Compendium of Chronicles) by Rashid-ad-Din, William de Rubruck’s “Journey to the Orient”, and book of Plano Carpini, an Italian tourist, the development of pharmacology and pharmaceuticals in traditional Mongolian medicine dates back to the Xiongnu period. Later, in the fourteenth century, it became an independent system of medical knowledge of many nations, as evidenced by the writings of Chinese, Persian, French, and Italian scholars as well as religious envoys.

Abstract: In addition to citing from the old medical scriptures by Indian, Tibetan, and Mongolian medical scholars, “Mthong ba dga’ byad” by Jigmeddanzanjamts, also contains a number of prescriptions of Chinese medicine that were widely used in Chinese medical practice at that time. Therefore, crude drugs and prescriptions of Chinese medicine in this book has a great significance, but there are few studies done in the last decades. Purpose: To make selection of Chinese herbal medicines and recipes from the book “Mthong ba dga’ byad” by Jigmeddanzanjamts and explain them. Research methods: Research methods in ancient textbook, check list, analysis and synthesis methods were used. Conclusion It was clarified that in the book “Mthong ba dga’ byad” by Jigmeddanzanjamts there are 44 names of herbal medicines and prescriptions of Chinese origin, and some prescriptions are explained. According to these herbal medicines and prescriptions, Mongolian doctors and maarambas used not only Indian Ayurvedic and Tibetan medicines, but also Chinese medicines and prescriptions in their medical care.