OBJECTIVE: To explore effectiveness of TiRobot-assisted screw implantation in the treatment of coracoid process fractures of the scapula. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data from 24 patients with coracoid process fractures of the scapula admitted between September 2019 and January 2024 and met selection criteria. Among them, 12 patients underwent TiRobot-assisted screw implantation (robot group) and 12 underwent manual screw implantation (control group) during internal fixation. There was no significant difference ( P>0.05) in baseline data such as gender, age, body mass index, disease duration, cause of injury, coracoid process fracture classification, and proportion of patients with associated injuries between the two groups. The incision length, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospital stay, accuracy of screw placement, coracoid process fracture healing time, and complications were recorded and compared, as well as pain visual analogue scale (VAS) score, and Constant-Murley score at last follow-up. RESULTS: The intraoperative blood loss and incision length in the robot group were significantly lower than those in the control group ( P<0.05); however, there was no significant difference in operation time and hospital stay between the two groups ( P>0.05). All patients were followed up 8-27 months (mean, 17.5 months), and the difference in follow-up time between the two groups was not significant ( P>0.05). At last follow-up, the VAS score for shoulder pain in the robot group was signifncatly lower compared to the control group, and the Constant-Murley score was significantly higher ( P<0.05). In the robot group, 16 screws were implanted intraoperatively, while 13 screws were implanted in the control group. Radiographic re-evaluation showed that the excellent and good rate of screw implantation was higher in the robot group (93.8%, 15/16) than in the control group (61.5%, 8/13), but the difference in the precision of screw implantation between the two groups was not significant ( P>0.05). Four patients in the robot group and 1 in the control group achieved double screws fixation; however, the difference in achieving double screws fixation between the two groups was not significant ( P>0.05). All fractures healed in both groups with 1 case of malunion in the control group. There was no significant difference in healing time between the two groups ( P>0.05). During follow-up, 1 patient in the control group experienced screw loosening and displacement. There was no significant difference in the incidence of screw loosening and fracture malunion between the two groups ( P>0.05). CONCLUSION Compared with manual screw implantation, TiRobot-assisted minimally invasive treatment of coracoid process fractures of the scapula can reduce intraoperative blood loss, shorten incision length, alleviate pain, and obtain better promote shoulder joint functional recovery.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Retrospective Studies ; Fracture Fixation, Internal/instrumentation* ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures/instrumentation* ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Fractures, Bone/surgery* ; Bone Screws ; Coracoid Process/surgery* ; Robotic Surgical Procedures/methods* ; Scapula/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome ; Operative Time ; Young Adult ; Length of Stay ; Blood Loss, Surgical

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of 5G remote robotic surgery in the treatment of pelvic fractures. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 160 patients with pelvic fractures admitted between July 2023 and June 2024 who met the selection criteria. Among these patients, 80 underwent internal fixation surgery with the assistance of 5G remote robotic surgery (5G group), while 80 received local robotic surgical assistance (control group). Baseline characteristics, including gender, age, body mass index, disease duration, cause of injury, and fracture classification, were compared between the two groups, and no significant difference was found ( P>0.05). The incision length, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospital stay, accuracy of screw placement, maximum residual displacement postoperatively, quality of fracture reduction, incidence of complications, Majeed pelvic function score and classification at last follow-up were recorded and compared between the two groups. RESULTS: In the 5G group, 180 screws were implanted during surgery, while 213 screws were implanted in the control group. The 5G group demonstrated significantly reduced intraoperative blood loss and shorter incision length compared to the control group ( P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of operation time or hospital stay ( P>0.05). Radiographic evaluation revealed excellent and good reduction rates of 98.8% (79/80) in the 5G group and 97.5% (78/80) in the control group, while excellent and good screw placement accuracy rates were 98.3% (177/180) in the 5G group and 95.8% (204/213) in the control group. No significant difference was found between the two groups in maximum residual displacement, reduction quality, or screw placement accuracy ( P>0.05). All patients were followed up 7-16 months (mean, 11.3 months), with no significant difference in follow-up duration between the groups ( P>0.05). No perioperative or follow-up complication, such as wound infection, iatrogenic fractures, iatrogenic neurovascular injury, screw loosening or breakage, or nonunion, were observed in either group. The control group exhibited a worse degree of gait alteration compared to the 5G group ( P<0.05), while no significant difference was found in incidences of squatting limitation or persistent pain ( P>0.05). At last follow-up, no significant difference was observed between the groups in Majeed pelvic function scores or grading ( P>0.05). CONCLUSION Compared with the local surgery group, 5G remote robotic surgery supported by remote expert technical guidance demonstrated smaller incision lengths, less intraoperative blood loss, and fewer postoperative complications, and was shown to be a precise, minimally invasive, safe, and reliable surgical method.
Humans ; Robotic Surgical Procedures/instrumentation* ; Pelvic Bones/surgery* ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Fracture Fixation, Internal/instrumentation* ; Female ; Fractures, Bone/surgery* ; Middle Aged ; Bone Screws ; Adult ; Operative Time ; Treatment Outcome ; Blood Loss, Surgical ; Length of Stay ; Postoperative Complications/epidemiology* ; Aged ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of early versus delayed closed reduction and percutaneous Kirschner wire fixation in the treatment of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 468 children with supracondylar humerus fractures, who were admitted between January 2020 and December 2023 and met the inclusion criteria. Among them, 187 children were treated during 12 hours after injury (early operation group) and 281 were treated after 12 hours (delayed operation group). There was no significant difference between the two groups ( P>0.05) in the gender, age, injury mechanism, fracture side and type, while there was significant difference in interval from injury to operation ( P<0.05). The operative outcomes, including the operation time, intraoperative blood loss, the length of hospital stay, fracture healing time, elbow function assessed by Flynn criteria at 3 months after operation, and complications, were compared. RESULTS: Compared to the delayed operation group, the early operation group demonstrated significantly shorter operation time and less intraoperative blood loss ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the length of hospital stay between the two groups ( P>0.05). All children were followed up 3-12 months. The follow-up time was (6.7±2.9) months in the early operation group and (6.9±2.8) months in the delayed operation group, showing no significant difference between the two groups ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the fracture healing time between the two groups ( P>0.05). At 3 months after operation, the early operation group exhibited superior Flynn elbow functional outcomes to the delayed operation group ( P<0.05). In the early operation group, there was 1 case of fracture non-union and 3 cases of cubital varus deformity after operation. In the delayed operation group, there was 1 case of nerve injury, 7 cases of fracture non-union, and 12 cases of cubital varus deformity after operation. There was significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups ( P<0.05). One case of the early operation group and 10 cases of the delayed operation group underwent secondary operation, showing no significant difference in the incidence of secondary operation between the two groups ( P>0.05). CONCLUSION For pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures, early closed reduction and percutaneous Kirschner wire fixation can reduce operation time, minimize intraoperative blood loss and postoperative complications, and improve the functional recovery compared to delayed operation.
Humans ; Humeral Fractures/surgery* ; Bone Wires ; Retrospective Studies ; Male ; Female ; Child ; Fracture Fixation, Internal/instrumentation* ; Child, Preschool ; Treatment Outcome ; Operative Time ; Fracture Healing ; Length of Stay ; Closed Fracture Reduction/methods* ; Blood Loss, Surgical ; Time Factors ; Time-to-Treatment ; Postoperative Complications/epidemiology*

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of Poster Fusion Cage combined with xenogeneic bone graft augmentation for bone defect management in distal radius fractures. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 20 patients with bone defects complicating distal radius fractures who met the selection criteria and were treated between June 2022 and June 2024. The cohort comprised 2 males and 18 females, aged 54-87 years (mean, 63.3 years). Etiologies included falls in 17 cases, traffic accidents in 2 cases, and crush injury in 1 case. According to AO classification, there were 5 cases of type A, 8 cases of type B, and 7 cases of type C. The interval from injury to operation ranged from 2 to 10 days (mean, 5.8 days). All patients underwent volar plate fixation augmented with Poster Fusion Cage and demineralized xenogeneic bone matrix grafting. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, fracture healing time, and postoperative complications were recorded. Radiographic parameters, including radial height, volar tilt, and ulnar deviation, were measured on standardized X-ray films obtained immediately postoperatively and at last follow-up, and whether secondary reduction loss occurred was judged. At last follow-up, wrist range of motion (extension, flexion, radial deviation, ulnar deviation, pronation, and supination) and grip strength (expressed as a percentage of the contralateral side) were measured. Wrist function was assessed using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score and Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) score. RESULTS: The operation time was 70-200 minutes (mean, 116.4 minutes), and the intraoperative blood loss was 10-80 mL (mean, 36.5 mL). All surgical incisions healed by first intention, with no neurovascular complications documented. All patients were followed up 9-12 months (mean, 11.6 months). All fractures healed normally, with a healing time of 8-14 weeks (mean, 9.95 weeks). No significant difference was observed in radial height, volar tilt, or ulnar deviation between immediate postoperatively and last follow-up ( P>0.05). All fractures achieved satisfactory reduction, with no secondary loss of reduction or implant failure occurring during follow-up. At last follow-up, the range of motion of the affected wrist joint was 60°-65° (mean, 62.5°) in extension, 67°-75° (mean, 71.1°) in flexion, 18°-23° (mean, 20.4°) in radial deviation, 28°-33° (mean, 30.1°) in ulnar deviation, 69°-80° (mean, 74.7°) in pronation, and 69°-82° (mean, 75.6°) in supination. Grip strength recovered to 75%-85% (mean, 80%) of the contralateral side. Functional scores showed a DASH score of 5-15 (mean, 9.4) and PRWE score of 8.0-12.5 (mean, 10.2). CONCLUSION The combination of Poster Fusion Cage and xenogeneic bone graft augmentation provides a safe and effective treatment for bone defects in distal radius fractures.
Retrospective Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Treatment Outcome ; Wrist Fractures/surgery* ; Heterografts ; Transplantation, Heterologous/methods* ; Bone Transplantation/methods* ; Operative Time ; Blood Loss, Surgical ; Radius/surgery* ; Fracture Healing ; Time Factors ; Postoperative Complications/etiology* ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Follow-Up Studies ; Internal Fixators ; Fracture Fixation, Internal/methods* ; Combined Modality Therapy

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness and advantages of the double reverse traction reduction versus open reduction internal fixation for treating complex tibial plateau fractures. METHODS: A clinical data of 25 patients with Schatzker type Ⅴ or Ⅵ tibial plateau fractures, who met the selection criteria and were admitted between January 2019 and January 2023, was retrospectively analyzed. Thirteen patients underwent double reverse traction reduction and internal fixation (double reverse traction group), while 12 patients underwent open reduction and internal fixation (traditional open group). There was no significant difference in the baseline data (age, gender, injury mechanism, Schatzker classification, interval between injury and operation) between the two groups ( P>0.05). The effectiveness were evaluated and compared between the two groups, included operation time, intraoperative blood loss, incision length, hospital stay, full weight-bearing time, complications, fracture healing, Rasmussen radiological score (reduction quality), knee Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score, and knee flexion/extension range of motion. RESULTS: The double reverse traction group demonstrated significantly superior outcomes in operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospital stay, incision length, and time to full weight-bearing ( P<0.05). Two patients in traditional open group developed incisional complications, while the double reverse traction group had no complication. There was no significant difference in the incidence of complication between the two groups ( P>0.05). All patients were followed up 24-36 months (mean, 30 months), with no significant difference in follow-up duration between groups ( P>0.05). Fractures healed in both groups with no significant difference in healing time ( P>0.05). At 6 months after operation, Rasmussen radiological scores and grading showed no significant difference between the two groups ( P>0.05); the double reverse traction group had significantly higher HSS scores compared to the traditional open group ( P<0.05). At 12 months after operation, knee flexion/extension range of motion were significantly greater in the double reverse traction group than in the traditional open group ( P<0.05). CONCLUSION Double reverse traction reduction offers advantages over traditional open reduction, including shorter operation time, reduced blood loss, minimized soft tissue trauma, and improved joint functional recovery. It is a safe and reliable method for complex tibial plateau fractures.
Humans ; Tibial Fractures/surgery* ; Fracture Fixation, Internal/methods* ; Male ; Female ; Traction/methods* ; Retrospective Studies ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Open Fracture Reduction/methods* ; Treatment Outcome ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Fracture Healing ; Operative Time ; Length of Stay ; Blood Loss, Surgical ; Aged ; Tibial Plateau Fractures

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of TiRobot-assisted minimally invasive treatment for fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFP) in elderly patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 176 patients with FFP who were admitted between July 2018 and July 2024 and met the selection criteria. Among them, 95 patients underwent TiRobot-assisted closed reduction and minimally invasive cannulated screw fixation (robot group), while 81 patients underwent traditional open reduction and plate screw fixation (control group). There was no significant difference in baseline data such as gender, age, fracture classification, disease duration, and preoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores between the two groups ( P>0.05). The following parameters were recorded and compared between the two groups, including operation time, intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative transfusion rate, volume of intraoperative blood transfusion, maximum incision length, hospital stay, maximum residual displacement, reduction quality, fracture healing time, incidence of complications, VAS scores, Majeed pelvic function scores, and functional grading. RESULTS: All surgeries in both groups successfully completed. The robot group exhibited significantly shorter operation time, reduced intraoperative blood loss, lower intraoperative transfusion rate, smaller volume of intraoperative blood transfusion, shorter maximum incision length, and shorter hospital stay compared to the control group ( P<0.05). In the robot group, a total of 14 INFIX internal fixation frames and 280 cannulated screws were implanted, among which 250 screws were rated as excellent, 17 as good, and 13 as poor, resulting in a screw placement excellent and good rate of 95.36%. Radiological review revealed that the excellent and good rate of reduction quality was in 91.58% (87/95) in the robot group and 81.48% (66/81) in the control group, with no significant difference in postoperative maximum residual fracture displacement or reduction quality between the two groups (P>0.05). All patients in both groups were followed up 12-66 months, with an average of 28.9 months, and there was no significant difference in follow-up time between the two groups ( P>0.05). The fracture healing time in the robot group was significantly shorter than that in the control group ( P<0.05). At last follow-up, both groups showed significant improvement in VAS scores compared to preoperative values ( P<0.05); the change values of VAS scores, Majeed scores, and the excellent and good rate of Majeed pelvic function were significantly higher in the robot group than in the control group ( P<0.05). Regarding postoperative complications, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of gait changes, secondary surgeries, heterotopic ossification, incision infections, walking difficulties, internal fixation failure, or mortality rates ( P>0.05); however, the incidence of delayed wound healing was significantly lower in the robot group than in the control group ( P<0.05). CONCLUSION TiRobot-assisted minimally invasive treatment of elderly FFP is superior to traditional open reduction and internal fixation in terms of surgical trauma control, postoperative rehabilitation speed, and functional recovery.
Humans ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Female ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures/instrumentation* ; Fracture Fixation, Internal/instrumentation* ; Pelvic Bones/surgery* ; Aged ; Bone Screws ; Bone Plates ; Robotic Surgical Procedures/methods* ; Aged, 80 and over ; Treatment Outcome ; Osteoporotic Fractures/surgery* ; Operative Time ; Blood Loss, Surgical ; Fracture Healing ; Fractures, Bone/surgery*

PURPOSE: Intertrochanteric fractures undergoing proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA) surgery are associated with significant hidden blood loss. This study aimed to explore whether intramedullary administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) can reduce bleeding in PFNA surgery for intertrochanteric fractures in elderly individuals. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted from January 2019 to December 2022. Patients aged over 60 years with intertrochanteric fractures who underwent intramedullary fixation surgery with PFNA were eligible for inclusion and grouped according to random numbers. A total of 249 patients were initially enrolled, of which 83 were randomly allocated to the TXA group and 82 were allocated to the saline group. The TXA group received intramedullary perfusion of TXA after the bone marrow was reamed. The primary outcomes were total peri-operative blood loss and post-operative transfusion rate. The occurrence of adverse events was also recorded. Continuous data was analyzed by unpaired t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, and categorical data was analyzed by Pearson Chi-square test. RESULTS: The total peri-operative blood loss (mL) in the TXA group was significantly lower than that in the saline group (577.23 ± 358.02 vs. 716.89 ± 420.30, p = 0.031). The post-operative transfusion rate was 30.67% in the TXA group and 47.95% in the saline group (p = 0.031). The extent of post-operative deep venous thrombosis and the 3-month mortality rate were similar between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION We observed that intramedullary administration of TXA in PFNA surgery for intertrochanteric fractures in elderly individuals resulted in less peri-operative blood loss and decreased transfusion rate, without any adverse effects, and is, thus, recommended.
Humans ; Tranexamic Acid/administration & dosage* ; Hip Fractures/surgery* ; Male ; Aged ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary/adverse effects* ; Blood Loss, Surgical/prevention & control* ; Antifibrinolytic Agents/administration & dosage* ; Aged, 80 and over ; Bone Nails ; Middle Aged ; Blood Transfusion/statistics & numerical data*

PURPOSE: Hidden blood loss (HBL) during the perioperative period significantly impacts postoperative recovery and complications, yet it is frequently disregarded. This study aimed to investigate the effects of tip-apex distance (TAD) and calcar-referenced tip-apex distance (calTAD) on HBL in the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures utilizing proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA). The study also seeks to evaluate the possible decrease in HBL subsequent to PFNA treatment by optimizing nail positioning. METHOD: A historical cohort study was conducted from January 2020 to December 2022. Patients diagnosed with unilateral acute closed femoral intertrochanteric fracture and who underwent PFNA internal fixation surgery met the inclusion criteria, and were grouped according to the value of calTAD and TAD. The participants were divided into low TAD group (TAD<20 mm) and high TAD group (TAD≥20 mm); low calTAD group (calTAD<7.625 mm) and high calTAD group (calTAD≥7.625 mm), respectively. The primary outcome measures were intraoperative blood loss (including HBL, overt blood loss, and total blood loss). Continuous data were analyzed using an independent sample t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, and categorical data were analyzed using the Pearson Chi-square test. Univariate analysis was used to evaluate the association between various indicators and perioperative HBL. A stepwise multiple linear regression analysis model was used to determine the independent factors affecting perioperative HBL. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 131 patients were initially included, of which 80 were assigned to the calTAD group (with 61 in the high calTAD group and 19 in the low calTAD group), and 80 were assigned to the TAD group (with 34 in the high TAD group and 46 in the low TAD group). The average HBL for the low TAD group was 772.85 mL, whereas for the high TAD group it was 919.68 mL (p>0.05). The average HBL for the low calTAD group was 611.42 mL, whereas for the high calTAD group it was 904.97 mL (p<0.05). Subsequent analysis revealed that the patient's height, preoperative hemoglobin levels, changes in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels from pre- to post-surgery, and calTAD are independent risk factors influencing HBL. CONCLUSION In summary, our investigation revealed a significant correlation between the positioning of nails in PFNA and HBL during the perioperative period. By optimizing the placement of the cephalic nail, specifically by ensuring a calTAD of less than 7.625 mm, a significant decrease in HBL can be attained. Additionally, we identified that height, preoperative hemoglobin, differences in preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin and hematocrit, and the positioning of the cephalic nail were independent risk factors for HBL.
Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Male ; Blood Loss, Surgical/prevention & control* ; Female ; Hip Fractures/surgery* ; Aged ; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary/methods* ; Bone Nails ; Perioperative Period ; Middle Aged ; Aged, 80 and over

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of intraoperative blood salvage autotransfusion on local recurrence and long-term metastasis of patients after carotid body tumor resection. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of 61 patients undergoing elective carotid body tumor resection from August 2009 to December 2020. Among them, 14 received intraoperative blood salvage autotransfusion (autotrasfusion group) and 47 did not (non-autotransfusion). Data of general information, surgical status and postoperative follow-up results were collected. RESULTS: The proportion of Shamblin Ⅲ in the autotransfusion group was 85.7%, which was significantly higher than 31.9% in the non-autotransfusion group (P=0.003). The average operation time of the 14 patients in the autotransfusion group was (264±84) min, intraoperative blood loss was 1 200 (700, 2 700) mL, and autologous blood transfusion was 500 (250, 700) mL. Of these, 8 patients (57%) required concomitant allogeneic blood with 400 (260, 400) mL of allogeneic blood. The average operation time of the 47 patients in the non-autotransfusion group was (153±75) min, and the intraoperative blood loss was 300 (100, 400) mL. Of these, 6 (13%) required allogeneic blood transfusion, and 520 (400, 520) mL of allogeneic blood was used. Compared with the non-autotransfusion group, the average operation time in the autologous blood transfusion group was significantly longer (P < 0.001), and the intraoperative blood transfusion volume was larger (P=0.007). Of the 14 patients undergoing autotransfusion, 8 (57%) needed allogeneic blood at the same time; while in the 47 non-autologous transfusion patients, 6 (13%) needed allogeneic blood transfusion. The proportion of autotransfusion group using allogeneic blood at the same time was even higher (P=0.002). The incidence of nerve injury within 30 days after surgery was 29.5%, and there was no significant difference between the two groups. No early deaths occurred. The average follow-up was (76±37) months. One case of local recurrence occurred in the non-autotransfusion group. There was no distant metastasis. There were no tumor-related deaths. The estimated 5-year and 10-year overall survival rates were 96.4% and 83.8%, respectively. There was no significant difference in overall survival between the two groups (P=0.506). CONCLUSION The use of intraoperative blood salvage autotransfusion increased no risk of local recurrence and distant metastasis in patients with carotid body tumor, which is safe and effective in carotid body tumor resection.
Humans ; Blood Transfusion, Autologous/methods* ; Operative Blood Salvage/methods* ; Retrospective Studies ; Male ; Female ; Carotid Body Tumor/pathology* ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Blood Loss, Surgical ; Aged ; Adult ; Operative Time

INTRODUCTION: The use of periarticular (PA) tranexamic acid (TXA) and its efficacy in comparison with intra-articular (IA) TXA have not been well explored in the literature. This retrospective cohort study aimed to compare the effects of IA and PA TXA with analgesic components in reducing blood loss and improving immediate postoperative pain relief and functional outcomes in patients after unilateral primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS: A total of 63 patients underwent TKA, and they were divided into the IA TXA delivery group ( n = 42) and PA TXA delivery group ( n = 21). All patients were administered 1 g of TXA. They also received pericapsular infiltration consisting of 0.5 mL of adrenaline, 0.4 mL of morphine, 1 g of vancomycin, 1 mL of ketorolac and 15 mL of ropivacaine. Outcomes for blood loss and surrogate markers for immediate functional recovery were measured. RESULTS: Of the 63 patients, 54% were female and 46% male. The mean drop in postoperative haemoglobin levels in the PA and IA groups was 2.0 g/dL and 1.6 g/dL, respectively, and this was not statistically significant ( P = 0.10). The mean haematocrit drop in the PA and IA groups was 6.1% and 5.3%, respectively, and this was also not statistically significant ( P = 0.58). The postoperative day (POD) 1 and discharge day flexion angles, POD 1 and POD 2 visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, gait distance on discharge and length of hospitalisation stay were largely similar in the two groups. CONCLUSION Our study showed that both IA and PA TXA with analgesic components were equally efficient in reducing blood loss and improving immediate postoperative pain relief and functional outcomes.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Tranexamic Acid/adverse effects* ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee/adverse effects* ; Antifibrinolytic Agents/adverse effects* ; Retrospective Studies ; Postoperative Hemorrhage ; Blood Loss, Surgical/prevention & control* ; Administration, Intravenous ; Analgesia ; Analgesics/therapeutic use* ; Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy* ; Injections, Intra-Articular