OBJECTIVE To analyze the status and characteristics of hospital-associated infection in a three-A hospi-tal from 2023 to 2024,and to identify directions for intervention in hospital-associated infection.METHODS The hospital-associated infection data of a three-A hospital from 2023 to 2024 were analyzed,including the overall trend of hospital-associated infection,the top three departments with the highest hospital-associated infection rates,the distribution of pathogens,infection sites and patient ages.RESULTS From 2023 to 2024,a total of 145 915 patients were monitored,with 1 673 cases of hospital-associated infection,resulting in a hospital-associat-ed infection rate of 1.15％.The hospital-associated infection rate in 2024 was 1.06％(831/78 284),which was lower than that in 2023(P=0.001).The top three departments with the highest hospital-associated infection rates were the intensive care unit,the emergency intensive care unit(EICU)and the cadre ward.Among the de-tected pathogens,gram-negative bacteria were predominantly Acinetobacter baumannii(26.21％),gram-positive bacteria were predominantly Staphylococcus aureus(4.86％)and fungi were predominantly Candida glabrata(13.89％).There were statistically significant differences in the proportions of Proteus vulgaris,Serratia lique-faciens,Burkholderia cepacia and gram-positive bacteria between the two years(P＜0.05).The main hospital-associated infection sites were the respiratory tract,urinary tract and surgical site.The hospital-associated infec-tion rate was high among elderly patients,particularly in the cadre ward.CONCLUSIONS The departments with high incidence of hospital-associated infection are the intensive care unit,EICU and cadre ward.The main patho-gen is A.baumannii,with the respiratory tract being the primary site of infection.It is necessary to strengthen prevention and control measures for high-risk departments,key pathogens and common infection sites to effective-ly reduce the incidence of hospital-associated infection.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the status and characteristics of hospital-associated infection in a three-A hospi-tal from 2023 to 2024,and to identify directions for intervention in hospital-associated infection.METHODS The hospital-associated infection data of a three-A hospital from 2023 to 2024 were analyzed,including the overall trend of hospital-associated infection,the top three departments with the highest hospital-associated infection rates,the distribution of pathogens,infection sites and patient ages.RESULTS From 2023 to 2024,a total of 145 915 patients were monitored,with 1 673 cases of hospital-associated infection,resulting in a hospital-associat-ed infection rate of 1.15％.The hospital-associated infection rate in 2024 was 1.06％(831/78 284),which was lower than that in 2023(P=0.001).The top three departments with the highest hospital-associated infection rates were the intensive care unit,the emergency intensive care unit(EICU)and the cadre ward.Among the de-tected pathogens,gram-negative bacteria were predominantly Acinetobacter baumannii(26.21％),gram-positive bacteria were predominantly Staphylococcus aureus(4.86％)and fungi were predominantly Candida glabrata(13.89％).There were statistically significant differences in the proportions of Proteus vulgaris,Serratia lique-faciens,Burkholderia cepacia and gram-positive bacteria between the two years(P＜0.05).The main hospital-associated infection sites were the respiratory tract,urinary tract and surgical site.The hospital-associated infec-tion rate was high among elderly patients,particularly in the cadre ward.CONCLUSIONS The departments with high incidence of hospital-associated infection are the intensive care unit,EICU and cadre ward.The main patho-gen is A.baumannii,with the respiratory tract being the primary site of infection.It is necessary to strengthen prevention and control measures for high-risk departments,key pathogens and common infection sites to effective-ly reduce the incidence of hospital-associated infection.

ObjectiveTo summarize the modeling elements， evaluation indicators， characteristics， and drawbacks of the animal models of diabetic nephropathy， and thus provide guidance for the standardized modeling and rational application of these models. MethodThe articles about the animal experiments of diabetic nephropathy published in the last decade were retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure， Wanfang Data， and PubMed. The data of animal species， sex， modeling techniques， modeling criteria， and evaluation indicators were analyzed in Excel. ResultA total of 287 publications were included in this study. Male SD rats were mainly used for the modeling of diabetic nephropathy. The animal models of type 1 diabetes were mainly established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin （STZ） at 60-69 mg·kg^-1 once or 50 mg·kg^-1 for 5 continuous days， and those of type 2 diabetes by intraperitoneal injection of STZ at 30-39 mg·kg^-1 once or 30 mg·kg^-1 for 2 continuous days combined with 4 weeks of high-fat and high-sugar diet. Blood glucose and 24-hour urine protein were mainly used to determine whether the modeling was successful. The evaluation indicators of the animal models mainly included basic indicators， glucose and lipid metabolism indicators， and renal function indicators. ConclusionAnimal models are commonly used in the research on diabetic nephropathy， while there is no unified standards for the preparation or evaluation of the animal models. Moreover， Chinese medicine is rarely considered in the modeling. Through literature review and data analysis， this paper summarizes the modeling elements and standards， key evaluation indicators， characteristics， and shortcomings， aiming to build the animal models of diabetic nephropathy with a high success rate and with the characteristics in line with the clinical pathogenesis and syndromes.

Through reviewing domestic and foreign literature on augmentative and alternative communication in patients with motor neuron disease，this paper summarized the characteristics of communication disorders in patients with motor neuron disease，the effect caused by poor communication，as well as the application of augmentative and alternative communication. The purpose of this study is to provide an appropriate augmentative and alternative communication system for patients with motor neuron disease with communication disorders，so as to improve the quality of life of patients，improve negative psychological emotions，and reduce the burden of caregivers.

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics and influencing factors on postoperative emotional and cognitive function for elderly versus non-elderly male patients with laryngeal carcinoma.Methods:The patients with laryngeal cancer hospitalized in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery were selected for a questionnaire survey in two Grade III-A Hospital in Shanxi Province from January 2018 to December 2019.There were 105 patients with laryngeal cancer, including 60 in the elderly and 45 in the non-elderly group.Negative emotion and cognitive function were investigated by using Self-rating Anxiety Scales(SAS), Self-rating Depression Scale(SDS), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment(MOCA)before surgery, 10 days after surgery, and 1 year after surgery, respectively.The clinical characteristics of the elderly versus non-elderly groups were analyzed and compared.Results:One year after surgery, there were 52 cases(86.7%)and 27 cases(45.0%)of depression and cancer-related cognitive impairment(CRCI)in the elderly group, which were higher than 30 cases(66.7%)and 4 cases(8.9%)in the non-elderly group, with statistically significant difference( χ2 = 6.013, χ2 =16.115 and P<0.05, P<0.01). The elderly group showed much more anxiety and CRCI 10 days after surgery(60.50±4.31 vs.55.84±3.81, 27.47±1.08 vs.28.31±1.08, P<0.01)and showed much more depression and CRCI(57.20±5.66 vs.62.60±5.37, 27.36±1.37 vs.26.08±1.42, P<0.01)than did the non-elderly group 1 year after surgery.The results of multiple linear regression analysis in the elderly group showed that the mode of operation and the pronunciation one year after surgery significantly affected their anxiety; the marriage and the educated level significantly affected their depression; the marriage, the educated level and operation mode significantly affected their cognitive function.Clinical stage of tumor significantly affected anxiety and depression, the educated level significantly affected cognitive function in the non-elderly group. Conclusions:Postoperative negative emotion and cognitive function in patients with laryngeal cancer continues to deteriorate after surgery, which were affected by many factors, especially in elderly patients.It is necessary to conduct active and effective interventions as soon as possible.

Vertical nystagmus is a vertical nystagmus caused by structural abnormalities and/or dysfunction of the central vestibular system and observed in situ in the center of the eyeball. There are two kinds of nystagmus （UBN） and downbeat nystagmus （DBN） according to the direction of nystagmus. The diagnosis of UBN is mainly made by naked eye or electronystagmography/viewer. It is a common neuro-ophthalmologic sign in the field of vestibular medicine. In this paper, the mechanism of vertical nystagmus formation and the location of lesions were briefly introduced, in order to provide help for the diagnosis and treatment of Vertigo.

Objective: Meta-analysis was used to compare the long-term efficacy and laryngeal function preservation rate of patients with advanced hypopharyngeal cancer treated with surgery plus radio(chemo)therapy (SRT) or non-surgery chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Methods: We searched publicly published articles on case-control studies of surgical and non-surgical comprehensive treatment of advanced hypopharyngeal cancer in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Wanfang Database, Chinese Journal Full-text Database, and Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database. The search language was limited to Chinese and English, and the period was from 1990 to 2018. These literatures were rigorously screened by inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data needed for this study were extracted and the Meta analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Results: A total of 13 literatures were included, and the overall quality of the literature was relatively high, and no significant publication bias was suggested. A total of 1 994 subjects, including 720 in the SRT group and 1 274 in the CRT group. The average 3-year overall survival rates were 42.9% in SRT group and 44.8% in CRT group,with no significant difference (OR=1.14, 95%CI: 0.62-2.06, P=0.68). The average 5-year overall survival rate (OR=1.42, 95%CI: 1.10-1.84, P<0.01), 5-year local recurrence-free survival rate (OR=1.68, 95%CI: 1.11-2.55, P=0.01) and 5-year local control rate (OR=2.17, 95%CI: 1.52-3.12, P<0.01) of SRT group were 46.4%, 47.4% and 71.2%, respectively, which were higher than those of non-surgical group (37.9%, 32.0%, and 52.2% respectively). The average laryngeal function preservation rate was 19.8%,being significantly lower than 80.6% of the non-surgical group(OR=0.03, 95%CI: 0.01-0.07, P<0.01). Conclusions SRT has better long-term efficacy, while CRT has better preservation of laryngeal function.

Summary Vertical nystagmus is a vertical nystagmus caused by structural abnormalities and/or dysfunction of the central vestibular system and observed in situ in the center of the eyeball. There are two kinds of nystagmus （UBN） and downbeat nystagmus （DBN） according to the direction of nystagmus. The diagnosis of UBN is mainly made by naked eye or electronystagmography/viewer. It is a common neuro-ophthalmologic sign in the field of vestibular medicine. In this paper, the mechanism of vertical nystagmus formation and the location of lesions were briefly introduced, in order to provide help for the diagnosis and treatment of Vertigo.

Most of the common dizziness/vertigo diseases in otology clinic are peripheral vertigo diseases, and while about 20% -30% of all vertigo diseases are caused by central nervous system diseases. Pseudo vestibular neuritis, acute ischemic stroke with audiovestibular loss, and central paroxysmal positional vertigo are the three types of central "malignant vertigo" diseases which are most easily misdiagnosed by otologists. This article described the clinical characteristics and bedside physical performance of these three diseases, and summarized the differential diagnosis points for clinical reference.

Surgical margin principle is one of the central surgical principles for head and neck cancers. Negative surgical margin is the primary purpose of surgery for head and neck cancers. This paper is based on the current clinical application of surgical margins of head and neck cancers, and it is proposed that surgical margins of head and neck cancers may be classified into three types: surface margin, deep margin, and tissue interface margin in consideration of surgical exposure of tumors. The classification of surgical margins can make the clinical application and the research of surgical margins of head and neck cancers more systematic and clear.