Alzheimer's disease (AD), a prototypical neurodegenerative disorder, encompasses multifaceted pathological processes. As pivotal cellular structures within the central nervous system, ion channels play critical roles in regulating neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission, and neurotransmitter release. Extensive research has revealed significant alterations in the expression and function of ion channels in AD, implicating an important role of ion channels in the pathogenesis of abnormal Aβ deposition, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and disruptions in calcium homeostasis and neural network functionality. This review systematically summarizes the crucial roles and underlying mechanisms of ion channels in the onset and progression of AD, highlighting how these channel abnormalities contribute to AD pathophysiology. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of ion channel modulation in AD treatment, emphasizing the importance of addressing multifactorial nature and heterogeneity of AD. The development of multi-target drugs and precision therapies is proposed as a future direction of scientific research.
Alzheimer Disease/therapy* ; Humans ; Ion Channels/physiology* ; Oxidative Stress ; Animals ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism* ; Synaptic Transmission ; Calcium/metabolism*

Acute cerebral infarction(ACI)has the characteristics of onset nasty and high mortality,and thus the rapid determination of the occurrence and development of ACI plays a key role in the diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of ACI patients.It has shown that the serum level of human haptoglobin(Hp)is related to ACI.In this study,surface enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)combined with immune recognition was applied to establish a quantitative analysis method for serum Hp.Firstly,the SERS substrate of silver nanoparticles was prepared on silicon wafer,and 4-mercaptobenzoic Acid(MBA)was used as a Raman probe by forming Ag—S bond and connecting it on the surface of nanoparticles.The carboxyl group of MBA was linked to amino group of self-made high-affinity antibody through forming CO—NH structure thus forming a SERS self-assembled chip of Hp(Ag/MBA/anti-Hp).Hp in serum could be specifically captured by antibodies on SERS substrate,which caused the shift of SERS characteristic peak of MBA.The results showed that there was a good linear relationship between the logarithm of Hp concentration and the SERS characteristic peak shift of MBA.The detection range was 1-1000 ng/mL(R2=0.988).The Hp concentrations in serum of 90 ACI patients were determined by this method,and the results were consistent with those of ELISA method,which proved the practicability and accuracy of this method.This method was highly specific,simple and convenient,which could realize the specific recognition and quantitative analysis of serum Hp,so as to be an effective means for clinical detection of serum Hp,thus providing a reference for the treatment and prognosis of ACI.

ObjectiveTo identify and analyze the possible influencing factors of obesity among public primary school students in Minhang District， Shanghai. MethodsBasic data， collected through questionnaire stars， was imported with merged physical examination data into Excel to form a database. Data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS 22.00. Independent sample t-test was used for the data with normal distribution. Nonparametric test was used for the data with non-normal distribution. χ² test was used for the quantitative data. Logistic regression was used for univariate and multivariate analysis. ResultsAccording to the national physical health standards for students （revised in 2014） ， the prevalence rate of obesity among primary school students in Minhang district was 29.63% . The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 32.1% in boys and 26.9% in girls. The trend of overweight and obesity in different grades was similar among different genders .A single factor analysis showed that， being the only child （χ²=9.300， P<0.01） ， father obesity（χ²=106.417， P<0.001） or mother obesity（χ²=118.534， P<0.001） ， mother's overweight during pregnancy （χ²=159.731， P<0.001） ， caregiver's role as grandparents （χ²=38.736， P<0.001） ， low education level （χ²=111.309， P<0.001） had effects on overweight and obesity of children while the differences had statistical significance. Pupil's bad eating habit （χ²=18.905，P<0.001） and preference （χ²=22.901， P<0.001） ， insufficient sleep time （χ²=61.685， P<0.001） ， long-time using of electronic products （χ²=37.182， P<0.001） and low-time of exercise （χ²=15.328， P<0.001） also affected the obesity of primary school students. Among the five factors of family， diet， psychology， static state and dynamic state， the influencing factors of obesity in primary school students from grade one to grade four were being the only child， obese father and/or mother， overweight mother during pregnancy， caregivers without higher education. In terms of diet， it was mainly based on eating habits before bedtime， as well as partial and picky eating habits. In terms of psychology， the main psychological source was the pressure of learning in school. There was a clear relationship between the pace of learning and not keeping up. Static analysis revealed a correlation with lack of sleep. After assigning values based on eye hygiene recommendations for the use of electronic products， it was found that there was no direct correlation between obesity in primary school students and the duration of electronic product use. Dynamic analysis showed that not taking part in school physical exercise was related to obesity. ConclusionThe obesity of primary school students is influenced by family， diet， psychology， static and dynamic factors. The intervention of obesity in primary school needs the joint efforts of school， society， family， self-cognition and so on.

Objective To observe the effect of Bushen Jianpi Prescription,a prescription with the actions of tonifying the kidney and strengthening the spleen,combined with short-term intensive insulin therapy on dedifferentiation of pancreatic beta-cells in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)of spleen and kidney deficiency type.Methods Seventy patients with T2DM of spleen and kidney deficiency type were randomly divided into control group and observation group,with 35 cases in each group.The control group was treated with intensive insulin therapy,and the observation group was treated with Bushen Jianpi Prescription on the basis of treatment for the control group.The course of treatment lasted for 2 weeks.The changes of TCM syndrome score,and levels of blood glucose,serum high mobility group protein B1(HMGB1),interleukin 1β(IL-1β),tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α)and the ratio of proinsulin to insulin(PI/I)in the two groups were observed before and after treatment.Results(1)During the treatment,one case in the control group and 2 cases in the observation group fell off.Eventually,34 cases in the control group and 33 cases in the observation group were included in the efficacy statistics.(2)After treatment,the scores of TCM syndromes in the two groups were significantly lower than those before treatment(P＜0.05),and the decrease in the observation group was significantly superior to that in the control group(P＜0.05).(3)After treatment,the levels of fasting plasma glucose(FPG)and 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose(2hPG)in the two groups were significantly lower than those before treatment(P＜0.05),and the decrease in the observation group was significantly superior to that in the control group(P＜0.05).(4)After treatment,the level of HMGB1 in the two groups was significantly lower than that before treatment(P＜0.05),and the decrease in the observation group was significantly superior to that in the control group(P＜0.05).(5)After treatment,the serum levels of inflammatory factors of IL-1β and TNF-α in the two groups were significantly lower than those before treatment(P＜0.05),and the decrease in the observation group was significantly superior to that in the control group(P＜0.05).(6)After treatment,the PI/I ratio of the two groups was significantly lower than that before treatment(P＜0.05),and the decrease of the observation group was significantly superior to that of the control group(P＜0.05).Conclusion Bushen Jianpi Prescription combined with short-term intensive insulin therapy can effectively improve the islet function of patients with T2DM of spleen and kidney deficiency type.The mechanism may be related to the relief of high-glucose toxicity and the decrease of the inflammatory factor levels,thus to inhibit the dedifferentiation of pancreatic beta-cells.

Objective:To investigate the clinical features, characteristics under white-light endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasonography, and treatment strategies of gastritis cystica profunda (GCP) accompanied with or without neoplastic lesions.Methods:Clinical data of 35 patients, who were pathologically diagnosed as having GCP after endoscopic or surgical resection in Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2015 to February 2021, were retrospectively collected, including 27 patients with neoplastic lesions. The demographic information, clinical manifestations, endoscopic features, treatment methods, and pathological results of GCP were summarized.Results:Thirty-five patients with GCP were 68.26±8.08 years old, and mostly male (80.00%, 28/35). The most common symptom was upper abdominal pain, accounting for 31.43% (11/35), and 25.71% (9/35) had no symptoms. Other symptoms included acid reflux, heartburn, abdominal distension, anemia, and choking sensation after eating. The most common site of GCP was cardia (51.43%, 18/35), and the main endoscopic manifestations of GCP were flat mucosal lesions (68.57%, 24/35), mainly 0-Ⅱa and 0-Ⅱa+Ⅱc type lesions, accounting for 66.67% (16/24). The second common endoscopic manifestation was polypoid eminence (20.00%, 7/35). Endoscopic ultrasonography was performed in 15 patients, with main manifestations of uniform hypoechoic with or without cystic echo (73.33%, 11/15). Among the GCP cases, 33 patients received endoscopic resection, and 2 received surgical treatment. The treatment processes were all successfully completed, and en-bloc resection was accomplished for all lesions receiving endoscopy, with the mean endoscopic operation time of 86.13 min. One patient suffered postoperative delayed bleeding after ESD which was stopped by endoscopic hemostasis. Final pathological results showed that the proportion of GCP complicated with neoplastic lesions was 77.14% (27/35), 68.57% (24/35) with early gastric cancer or precursor. Twenty-three cases achieved R0 resection. One case showed positive basal resection margin and vascular invasion, and recurrence happened in situ at the 5th month of follow-up, surgical resection was then performed. The endoscopic complete resection rate was 95.83% (23/24).Conclusion:GCP usually occurs in middle-aged and elderly male, often located in cardia, manifested mainly as flat mucosal lesions and polypoid changes. Endoscopic ultrasonography shows a high diagnostic value for GCP, and endoscopic treatment is safe and effective minimally invasive treatment for GCP.

OBJECTIVE: The mode of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission via injection drug use (IDU) still exists, and the recent shift in IDU-related transmission of HIV infection is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to analyze the spatiotemporal sources and dynamics of HIV-1 transmission through IDU in Guangxi. METHODS: We performed a molecular epidemiological investigation of infections across Guangxi from 2009 to 2019. Phylogenetic and Bayesian time-geographic analyses of HIV-1 sequences were performed to confirm the characteristics of transmission between IDUs in combination with epidemiological data. RESULTS: Among the 535 subjects, CRF08_BC (57.4%), CRF01_AE (28.4%), and CRF07_BC (10.7%) were the top 3 HIV strains; 72.6% of infections were linked to other provinces in the transmission network; 93.6% of sequence-transmitted strains were locally endemic, with the rest coming from other provinces, predominantly Guangdong and Yunnan; 92.1% of the HIV transmission among people who inject drugs tended to be transmitted between HIV-positive IDUs. CONCLUSION HIV recombinants were high diversity, and circulating local strains were the transmission sources among IDUs in Guangxi. However, there were still cases of IDUs linked to other provinces. Coverage of traditional prevention strategies should be expanded, and inter-provincial collaboration between Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guangdong provinces should be strengthened.
Humans ; HIV-1/genetics* ; HIV Infections ; Drug Users ; Phylogeny ; Bayes Theorem ; China/epidemiology* ; Genotype

Objective: To explore the efficacy of adjuvant programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody immunotherapy in Chinese patients with resected stage Ⅱ-Ⅲ melanoma. Methods: A total of 296 patients who underwent radical surgery for stage Ⅱ-Ⅲ cutaneous orlimb melanoma at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Shanghai Electric Power Hospital between 2017 and 2021 and received adjuvant PD-1 monoclonal antibody immunotherapy, low-dose interferon (IFN), or observational follow-up were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into the PD-1 monoclonal antibody group (164 cases) and the IFN or observation group (IFN/OBS group, 132 cases) based on postoperative adjuvant treatment methods. Patients' disease recurrence and survival were observed. Results: Among the 296 patients, 77 had cutaneous melanoma and 219 had limb melanoma; 110 were stage Ⅱ and 186 were stage Ⅲ. Among stage Ⅱ patients, the median recurrence-free survival (RFS) in the PD-1 monoclonal antibody group (46 cases) did not reach, while the median RFS in the IFN/OBS group (64 cases) was 36 months. The 1-year RFS rates were 85.3% and 92.1% and the 2-year RFS rates were 71.9% and 63.7% in the PD-1 monoclonal antibody group and the IFN/OBS group, respectively, with no statistically significant difference (P=0.394). Among stage Ⅲ patients, the median RFS rates in the PD-1 monoclonal antibody group (118 cases) and the IFN/OBS group (68 cases) were 23 and 13 months, respectively. The 1-year RFS rates were 70.0% and 51.8% and the 2-year RFS rates were 51.8% and 35.1%in the PD-1 monoclonal antibody group and the IFN/OBS group, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (P=0.010). Stratified analysis showed that the advantage of PD-1 monoclonal antibody adjuvant therapy in improving RFS persisted in the subgroups of primary ulceration (HR=0.558, 95% CI: 0.348-0.893), lymph node macroscopic metastasis (HR=0.486, 95% CI: 0.285-0.828), stage ⅢC (HR=0.389, 95% CI: 0.24-0.63), and the subgroup without BRAF/c-Kit/NRAS gene mutations (HR=0.347, 95% CI: 0.171-0.706). In terms of recurrence patterns, in stage Ⅱ patients, the recurrence and metastasis rate was 15.2% (7/46) in the PD-1 monoclonal antibody group, significantly lower than the IFN/OBS group [43.8% (28/64), P=0.002]. In stage Ⅲ melanoma patients, the recurrence and metastasis rate was 42.4% (50/118) in the PD-1 monoclonal antibody group, also lower than the IFN/OBS group [63.2% (43/68), P=0.006]. Conclusions: In real-world settings, compared with patients receiving low-dose IFN adjuvant therapy or observational follow-up, PD-1 monoclonal antibody immunotherapy can reduce the recurrence and metastasis rate of cutaneous and limb melanoma, and prolong the postoperative RFS of stage Ⅲ cutaneous and limb melanoma patients. Patients with a heavier tumor burden benefit more from immunotherapy.
Humans ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use* ; Apoptosis ; China ; Disease-Free Survival ; East Asian People ; Immunotherapy ; Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use* ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Melanoma/pathology* ; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/therapeutic use* ; Skin Neoplasms/pathology* ; Melanoma, Cutaneous Malignant

Objective: To explore the efficacy of adjuvant programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody immunotherapy in Chinese patients with resected stage Ⅱ-Ⅲ melanoma. Methods: A total of 296 patients who underwent radical surgery for stage Ⅱ-Ⅲ cutaneous orlimb melanoma at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Shanghai Electric Power Hospital between 2017 and 2021 and received adjuvant PD-1 monoclonal antibody immunotherapy, low-dose interferon (IFN), or observational follow-up were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into the PD-1 monoclonal antibody group (164 cases) and the IFN or observation group (IFN/OBS group, 132 cases) based on postoperative adjuvant treatment methods. Patients' disease recurrence and survival were observed. Results: Among the 296 patients, 77 had cutaneous melanoma and 219 had limb melanoma; 110 were stage Ⅱ and 186 were stage Ⅲ. Among stage Ⅱ patients, the median recurrence-free survival (RFS) in the PD-1 monoclonal antibody group (46 cases) did not reach, while the median RFS in the IFN/OBS group (64 cases) was 36 months. The 1-year RFS rates were 85.3% and 92.1% and the 2-year RFS rates were 71.9% and 63.7% in the PD-1 monoclonal antibody group and the IFN/OBS group, respectively, with no statistically significant difference (P=0.394). Among stage Ⅲ patients, the median RFS rates in the PD-1 monoclonal antibody group (118 cases) and the IFN/OBS group (68 cases) were 23 and 13 months, respectively. The 1-year RFS rates were 70.0% and 51.8% and the 2-year RFS rates were 51.8% and 35.1%in the PD-1 monoclonal antibody group and the IFN/OBS group, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (P=0.010). Stratified analysis showed that the advantage of PD-1 monoclonal antibody adjuvant therapy in improving RFS persisted in the subgroups of primary ulceration (HR=0.558, 95% CI: 0.348-0.893), lymph node macroscopic metastasis (HR=0.486, 95% CI: 0.285-0.828), stage ⅢC (HR=0.389, 95% CI: 0.24-0.63), and the subgroup without BRAF/c-Kit/NRAS gene mutations (HR=0.347, 95% CI: 0.171-0.706). In terms of recurrence patterns, in stage Ⅱ patients, the recurrence and metastasis rate was 15.2% (7/46) in the PD-1 monoclonal antibody group, significantly lower than the IFN/OBS group [43.8% (28/64), P=0.002]. In stage Ⅲ melanoma patients, the recurrence and metastasis rate was 42.4% (50/118) in the PD-1 monoclonal antibody group, also lower than the IFN/OBS group [63.2% (43/68), P=0.006]. Conclusions: In real-world settings, compared with patients receiving low-dose IFN adjuvant therapy or observational follow-up, PD-1 monoclonal antibody immunotherapy can reduce the recurrence and metastasis rate of cutaneous and limb melanoma, and prolong the postoperative RFS of stage Ⅲ cutaneous and limb melanoma patients. Patients with a heavier tumor burden benefit more from immunotherapy.
Humans ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use* ; Apoptosis ; China ; Disease-Free Survival ; East Asian People ; Immunotherapy ; Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use* ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Melanoma/pathology* ; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/therapeutic use* ; Skin Neoplasms/pathology* ; Melanoma, Cutaneous Malignant

ObjectiveTo develop a new mosquito trap and evaluate its effectiveness in Aedes albopictus monitoring in an urban community. MethodsThe first-round field test was conducted in a well-greened residential neighborhood with high Aedes albopictus density calculated by human landing catch in August 2022， in Minhang District， Shanghai. 65 new test containers with different designs were randomly deployed in the field. These trap containers were designed by different material， color， hole size， shape and top cover colors. The results of mosquito and its egg trapping were observed and recorded continuously for 7 days. In September 2022， the second round of experiment was conducted. After comparison， an optimized trap container was designed. 140 new trap containers were compared with 140 traditional ones to evaluate the effectiveness. SPSS 22.5 software was used for statistical analysis. ResultsThere were significant changes in the outcome of mosquito and its egg trapping on the 4th and 7th day of the pre-experiment deployment of the three kinds of containers. The 200 ml container cup with three round holes in the body had the best effect on trapping mosquitos and eggs， with a positive rate of 45.5% （5/11）， while other type of contrainer cup only had a positive rate of 12% （6/50） in trapping mosquitos and eggs. Statistical significant differences （χ²=45.443，P <0.001） existed between the two tpyes of cups within the first kind of trapping container. The second kind of trapping container showed round and oval holes had better effect on mosquito trapping， with a positive rate of 55.6% （5/9）. The third kind of hanging container can resist strong wind. The best mosquito trapping effect of three round holes was 66.7% （2/3）. The container wall should not be made of rough material， which was easy to cause the escape of adult mosquitoes. Combined with the three types of containers， the new contariner should be top transparent， and the top 1/3 of the side should paint black with 3 round holes. The effective recovery rate of the new container was higher than that of the traditional one under the exclusion of human factors， and had the advantage of preventing rain， wind and rollover， but the effect of trapping mosquito and its egg was comparable to the traditional one（χ²_D4=0.197，P=0.658； χ²_D7=0.125 ，P=0.724）. ConclusionThis new type of mosquito trap is worth further exploration and research， which can improve the trapping efficiency， overall recovery rate and the accurate confirmation of the mosquito density.

Objective To study the relationship among the sense of organizational fairness, innovative self-efficacy (ISE) and innovative behavior in nurses. Methods A total of 392 nurses from a grade A tertiary hospital were selected as the research subjects using convenience sampling method. The Organizational Fairness Scale, Innovation Self-efficacy Scale, and Innovation Behavior Scale were used to evaluate the sense of organizational fairness, ISE, and innovation behavior, respectively. The mediate equation model was constructed, and Bootstrap analysis was applied for validation. Results The scores for organizational fairness, ISE, and innovative behavior among the nurses were (67.8±15.2), (23.9±3.5), and (30.5±6.7) points, respectively. Organizational fairness score was positively correlated with both innovative behavior and ISE scores ［correlation coefficients (r) were 0.38 and 0.36, respectively, both P<0.01］. ISE score was positively correlated with innovative behavior total score (r=0.51, P<0.01). The results of the mediation analysis indicated that the total effect of organizational fairness on innovation behavior was 0.34 (P<0.01),with a direct effect of 0.17 (P<0.01). ISE plays a mediating role between organizational fairness and innovation behavior among nurses(P<0.01) with standardized mediation effect of 0.17, accounting for 50.0% of the total effect. Conclusion Organizational fairness can influence the ability of innovative behavior directly or through the mediating role of ISE.