Background: Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and deterioration of bone microarchitecture, resulting in decreased bone strength and an increased risk of fragility fractures. Early assessment of BMD is essential for identifying skeletal abnormalities and supporting clinical decision-making. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a widely used, non-invasive method for evaluating BMD at clinically relevant skeletal sites. Aim: To assess bone mineral density using DXA and describe the corresponding T-score and Z-score measurements in adult patients. Materials and Methods: This descriptive observational study was conducted from June to October 2026 at the Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Mongolia–Japan Hospital, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Eight patients aged 18 years or older without fractures were included. According to the study records, participants were selected using a random sampling method. Demographic characteristics, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and DXA measurements were recorded. BMD, bone mineral content (BMC), T-scores, and Z-scores were assessed at the lumbar spine, hip, and forearm. Continuous variables were summarized as means and standard deviations, and categorical variables as frequencies and percentages. Results: A total of eight patients were included, comprising five males (62.5%) and three females (37.5%). The mean age was 52.65±7.95 years, and the mean BMI was 31.59±6.32 kg/m². The mean lumbar spine (L1–L4) T-score was 0.35±1.49, and the mean Z-score was 0.97± .36. The lowest reported mean T-score was observed at the left forearm (−1.29±4.34), followed by the right forearm (−1.25±3.87). Measurements were also recorded at the left and right hip regions. The findings were descriptive and were not intended to establish population-level prevalence. Conclusions The demographic and anthropometric characteristics of the eight patients included in the study were assessed. The mean age was 52.65±7.95 years, and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 31.59±6.32 kg/m². Of the participants, 5 (62.5%) were male and 3 (37.5%) were female. The mean BMI of the participants fell within the obesity category. Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) at the lumbar spine, both hips, and both forearms. The results showed variations in BMD measurements across the different anatomical sites examined. An analysis of the T-scores and Z-scores for each measurement site revealed a mean T-score of 0.35±1.49 and a mean Z-score of 0.97±1.36 at the lumbar spine. At the left hip, the mean T-score was −0.63±1.29 and the mean Z-score was 0.34±1.52, while at the right hip, the mean T-score was −0.63±1.15 and the mean Z-score was 0.31±1.09. The mean T-scores of the forearm were comparatively lower, at −1.29± 4.34 on the left side and −1.25±3.87 on the right side.

Introduction: PCOS prevalence is 5-10 percent among reproductive age women in worldwide. It is caused by imbalance of sex hormones which ultimately leads to menstrual irregularities, infertility, anovulation and other metabolic disturbances. Most women with chronic anovulation is caused by polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS] The Rotterdam criteria is useful diagnostic tool for PCOS. In Mongolia there is almost no study on PCOS related infertility and there are increasing trend infertility among reproductive aged women with PCOS, lead us to conduct the study. Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate incidence of PCOS and to study clinical and biochemical characteristics of PCOS among infertility women. Material and Methods: We used the cross-sectional and case control study designs. Total 1334 infertility women enrolled in this study. The study was conducted after approval from the Ethical and research review board of the hospital, and written informed consent was taken from all the women. Among 114 women with PCOS were found by Rotterdam’s criteria at the Infertility and reproductive department, National Center for Maternal and Child Health, between December, 2018 - 2019. Total of 43 females with PCOS were screened among 1334 infertile women. All parameters were assessed either with ELISA in 43 infertile PCOS women and 17 age matched apparently healthy controls diagnosed according to Rotterdam consensus. IDF diagnostic criteria for MS was used. The PCOS patients divided into following groups: (1) with MS ( n=42) and (2) without MS (n=72). Results: The main age, body mass index (BMI), and duration of infertility were 28.7±4.1 years, 27.3±5.2 kg/ m² and 4.4±3.1y, respectively. Among patients 57.9% of them have oligomenorrhea, 22.8% with amenorrhea, primary infertility 57.0% and 51.9% with hirsutism and acne 50.8%. As a result of hormone assays were LH 9.3±3.5mIU/ml, LH/FSH 1.6 ±0.83 [0.1-3.6], AMH 6.1ng/ml ±3.6 /2.9-21.0/. The prevalence of MS was 36.8%. The variables including age (30.9±4.9), body mass (75.9±11.6kg) and also some metabolic parameters which is hypertension (133.6/88.4±13.6 mm Hg), WC (94.1±8.6 cm) and high triglyceride (1.8±1.0 mmol/l) were observed in MS group compared to without MS group. Conclusion Among 1334 women with infertility, the incidence of PCOS 8.7% (116), close to the prevalence in other countries. Considering the diagnose was confirmed of three criteria by the Rotterdam criteria. We found out that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 35.3% among infertility women with PCOS. Age, BMI, WC, amenorrhea, acne and acanthosis nigricans, were highly related to metabolic syndrome.