Background: Traditional medicine has long utilized herbal and animal-derived materials worldwide, and traditional formulations for the management of male sexual dysfunction continue to be actively investigated. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and antioxidant effects of Anti-Impotence-4, an herbal–animal formulation, in an experimental model of chronic stress-induced erectile dysfunction (ED). Aim: To investigate the bioactive compounds present in the plant- and animal-derived formulation Anti-Impotence-4 and its effects against oxidative stress. Materials and Methods: Fifty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups, including healthy control, disease control, reference, and treatment groups. Chronic stress was induced once daily for 56 days using a random stress protocol, as described by Peng Zou (2019). Oxidative stress parameters were determined using ELISA. The chemical constituents of the methanolic extract of Anti-Impotence-4 were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatogra phy–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS) in both positive and negative ionization modes. Results: In an experimental model of erectile dysfunction induced by chronic stress, treatment with Anti-Impotence-4 led to a dose-dependent attenuation of oxidative damage. Specifically, levels of the DNA oxidation marker 8-hydroxy-2′-de oxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were reduced by 13.3–32.5% following administration of Anti-Impotence-4 at doses of 42, 84, and 210 mg/kg. Likewise, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations decreased by 7.9–23.7% at therapeutic doses (p<0.05). In contrast, antioxidant defense mechanisms were markedly enhanced, as evidenced by significant increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (34.1%, 38.1%, and 44.6%, respectively; p<0.05) and glutathione (GSH) levels, which rose by 37.0–55.4%. Biological substances identified a total of 10 compounds, including six amino acids, flavo noids, and iridoids, in the positive ion mode. In negative-ion mode, 18 bioactive compounds were detected, including amino acids, carbohydrates, organic acids, fatty acids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Conclusion Phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract of the Anti-Impotence-4 formulation demonstrated the presence of diverse bioactive constituents, including amino acids, purine derivatives, nucleosides, carbohydrates, organic and fatty acids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and iridoids. In a chronic stress-induced erectile dysfunction model, treatment with Anti-Impotence-4 significantly enhanced antioxidant defense by increasing superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels, while markedly reducing oxidative stress markers such as 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and malond ialdehe indicating significant antioxidant and protective effects.

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is the most prevalent gynecological complaint among women of reproductive age, often manifesting as intense cramping pain in the lower abdomen during menstruation. Although pharmaceutical interventions such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and oral contraceptives are commonly used to manage symptoms, their temporary effects and frequent side effects, including gastrointestinal issues and hormonal imbalances, limit long-term use. As a result, there is growing interest in complementary and alternative therapies. Huolongguan moxibustion, a traditional Chinese medical technique involving the burning of mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) near specific acupoints, is believed to enhance energy (qi) flow, promote blood circulation, reduce pain, and restore the balance of body functions. Aim: This study aims to investigate the clinical effectiveness of moxibustion in alleviating menstrual pain and improving overall well-being in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. Additionally, the study seeks to evaluate the feasibility and relevance of applying this traditional technique within contemporary medical practice. Materials and Methods: The study used a non-randomized clinical trial, double-blind, placebo-controlled design with treatment (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. Pain intensity will be assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), while quality of life will be measured using the EQ-5D questionnaire. Psychological status, including anxiety and depression levels, will be evaluated using Cox mentrual symptom scale (CMSS). Data will be collected at baseline and post-treatment, followed by statistical analysis to determine treatment efficacy. Result: In the experimental group that received sealed cupping moxibustion therapy, the COX score decreased by approximately 99% after 3 months compared with the baseline value, whereas in the control group it decreased by approximately 27%. In addition, the VAS and EQ-5D-5L scores in the experimental group showed a statistically significant reduction as the duration of treatment increased (P<0.001), indicating that sealed cupping moxibustion therapy effectively reduced pain and related symptoms. Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate that cupping moxibustion therapy significantly reduces pain and associated symptoms in patients with primary dysmenorrhea and improves their quality of life. The therapeutic effect increased with longer treatment duration, and the outcomes in the experimental group were significantly better than those in the control group. Therefore, cupping moxibustion therapy may be considered an effective traditional therapeutic approach for the management of primary dysmenorrhea.

Background: Lumbar facet joint osteoarthritis (LFJOA) is a degenerative joint disease and a common cause of chronic lower back pain. Despite its clinical prevalence, LFJOA has received limited research attention compared to other spinal pathologies. It is characterized by joint space narrowing, cartilage degeneration, and osteophyte formation, often associated with mechanical stress and age-related changes. The integration of traditional Mongolian medicine especially osteopathic techniques has shown promising results in managing musculoskeletal conditions. Among these, the technique of traction combined with acupoint alcohol spray and manual osteopathic manipulation is increasingly applied in clinical practice. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of lumbar traction combined with acupoint alcohol spray and osteopathic manipulation in alleviating symptoms of LFJOA, improving lumbar function, and enhancing quality of life. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 60 patients diagnosed with LFJOA. Participants were randomly assigned to either a treatment group (n=30) receiving combined therapy or a control group (n=30) receiving standard spine rehabilitation exercises. Pain intensity was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Working Ability Index (WAI) questionnaire. Data were collected before and after a four-course treatment regimen and analyzed using SPSS 26.0. Results: In the treatment group, the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score for chronic low back pain decreased from 5.60 to 0.33, indicating an approximately 94.1% reduction in pain. In the control group, the VAS score decreased from 5.60 to 4.33 (p=0.001). Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), the treatment group showed a decrease from 38.10 to 12.43, representing an approximately 67.4% reduction (p<0.001). In the control group, the ODI score decreased from 37.27 to 33.17, corresponding to an approximately 11.0% reduction. The Work Ability Index (WAI) score in the treatment group increased from 25.37 to 38.23, demonstrating an approximately 50.7% improvement (p<0.001). In the control group, the WAI score increased from 25.33 to 27.67, corresponding to an approximately 9.2% increase. Conclusion Manual therapy in the treatment of chronic lumbar facet joint pain has been shown to reduce pain, significantly decrease limitations in muscle function, and improve work capacity with statistically significant results.

Background: Traditional Mongolian Medicine (TMM) is a unique repository of knowledge developed through the integration of Indian Ayurveda, Tibetan medical theories, and various therapeutic methods from Chinese medicine. Scholars emphasize that the "Ashtanga Hridayam Samhita," a foundational Ayurvedic text, played a pivotal role in the formation of the "Four Medical Tantras" (FMT), which serves as the ideological basis for both Tibetan and Mongolian medicine. Although historians such as B. Jigmed, Sh. Bold, and Ya. Ganbayar have explored the general historical development of TMM, there remains a significant gap in intertextual comparative research regarding how Ayurvedic surgical concepts were localized and adapted within the Mongolian context. Thus, identifying the Ayurvedic surgical traditions reflected in the works of prominent Mongolian scholars, such as Sumbe Khamba Ishbaljir and Mindol Nomun Khan Jambalchoijidanzanperinlei, is essential for a deeper understanding of the historical evolution of TMM. Aim: The purpose of this study is to analyze the reflection of Ayurvedic concepts—specifically disease taxonomy and surgical traditions—within selected sources of TMM and to determine the patterns of how Mongolian physicians adopted and enriched these practices in their clinical applications. Materials and Method: The study utilized the Sushruta Samhita (English ed., 1907) and Ashtanga Hridayam Samhita as primary Ayurvedic references, alongside Mongolian historical sources, including Sumbe Khamba Ishbaljir’s Four Medical Tantras (1994 edition) and Mindol Nomun Khan’s Ocean of Instructions (2014 edition). Research methods included thematic analysis, content analysis, and comparative source studies. Furthermore, systematic coding methods adapted for historical source research were employed to efficiently condense the extensive information within the materials. Results: Content and thematic analysis of the selected sources identified 28 distinct types of surgical diseases categorized based on Ayurvedic methodology. These include physical trauma, systemic disorders, and various infectious and dermatological conditions. In Sumbe Khamba Ishbaljir's White Parasol of Healing, infectious diseases accounted for 42.8% and physical injuries for 23.8% of these surgical cases, while in the Ocean of Instructions, infectious diseases represented 47.05% and injuries 24.0%. Across both sources, the "Treatment" code appeared with the highest frequency (n=22–25), demonstrating that Mongolian scholars prioritized the inheritance of practical surgical instructions over theoretical abstraction. In terms of practical application, the use of complex ointments consisting of over 15 ingredients, such as pearls, coral, and ivory, for treating weapon wounds aligns with Ayurvedic pharmacological theories. Additionally, unique methods such as diagnosing "Brain Displacement" through string measurement and extracting embedded foreign objects (metal or wood) using leopard gall and ivory confirm that Ayurvedic surgical tactics were localized and enriched within the Mongolian medical tradition. Conclusion The study concludes that the principles of Ayurvedic surgical and disease taxonomy were not merely copied into Mongolian sources but were systematically adapted to the Mongolian climate and lifestyle. Mongolian scholars, including Sumbe Khamba Ishbaljir, enriched the Ayurvedic Shalya Tantra (Surgical Science) with practical techniques and unique medicinal compositions for managing infectious wounds and trauma, thereby defining the independent developmental trajectory of surgery within Traditional Mongolian Medicine.

Background Varicose veins, or chronic venous insufficiency, become visibly noticeable from the second stage when veins start appearing on the surface of the skin. Symptoms include severe itching, pain, swelling, and inflammation. Chronic venous insufficiency is a common condition in countries such as China, South Korea, Japan, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan. Diagnosis of varicose veins relies on blood flow studies, coagulation tests, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and Doppler ultrasound of the venous system. Patient B, a 43-year-old male, has experienced pain and swelling in the right lower limb vein for the past two years, especially when exposed to heat. Coagulation tests show PT and PT INR within normal range. Doppler ultrasound of the venous system revealed that the perforating vein is dilated to 0.45 cm and has valve insufficiency. In the deep veins, a width of 0.68 cm was measured, while superficial veins ranged between 0.46–0.59 cm. After receiving appropriate treatment from the Department of Fire Acupuncture, the patient’s symptoms have improved.

Background: Gishuun-3 medicine is widely used for mild laxative, reverse elimination of flatulence, constipation, and amennorrhea. Therefore, the basis of our research work is to select the medicine Gishuun-3, keep the medicinal composition intact and make it in the form of granules for easier to consume. Aim: To study the possibility of using the drug Gishuun-3, which has been widely used in traditional medicine, in the form of granules. Materials and Methods: “Gishuun-3” The composition of the drug contains Gishuun, Arur, and Khujir. The following methods and techniques were used to conduct the study. These include: The following methods and methodology were applied in the study: Quality parameters of the granules were determined by Mongolian National First Pharmacopoeia. TLC was used to detect some biologically active substances that are predominant|y present in the granules.Quantitative analysis of some biologically active substances that are predominantly present in the granules were determined by spectrophotometry. Results: Gishuun-3 was weighed in an appropriate amount, and 6 types of granules were produced by the method of wet granulation using glucose, lactose, sucrose, lemon juice, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), and vanilla (sugar) as auxiliary fillers. The M6 type granules were selected for further research and the technological instructions were developed. Gallic acid and polyphenols contained in Gishuun-3 granules were identified by thin-layer chromatography. The amount of polyphenolic compounds mainly contained in the granules was determined by spectrophotometry using Folin-Chikalto reagent. It was determined that the granules meet the requirements for determining the quality criteria required for the formulation of the drug, and it was determined that Gishuun-3 granules can be formulated into the form of granules. 0.202+0.002%. Conclusions 1. Among the 6 types of granular drugs selected in the study, the M6 model granules containing Member-3 tang thick extract, glucose, lactose, sucrose, lemon juice, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), and vanilla (sugar) honey were determined to be the most suitable for further research because they met the technological parameters and quality criteria of the granular drug, and a technological scheme for producing this granular drug was developed. 2. In determining some quality criteria of the extracted granular drug, the moisture content was 1.48±0.16%, the size of small particles was 4.43±0.13%, and the dispersion or distribution was 2.0±0.11% minutes, which met the general requirements for granular drugs. 3. The total polyphenolic compounds contained in Gishuun-3 granules were determined by spectrophotometry to be converted to gallic acid and were 0.202±0.002%.

Background: Numerous studies have shown that with the advancement of technology such as computers and cell phones, neck and back pain, and carpal tunnel syndrome have become common in daily life. Aim: Estimating the effectiveness of acupoint catgut embedding treatment for chronic neck pain. Materials and Methods: The study used a randomized clinical trial, double-blind, placebo-controlled design with treatment (n=40) and control (n=40) groups. The study included 80 patients with chronic neck pain, and the results were evaluated in the two groups before and after treatment using the “Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), “Neck Disability Index”, and “Quality of Life Questionnaire” (EQ-5D). Results: Acupoint catgut embedding and acupuncture treatment for chronic neck pain increased the neck’s range of motion by 2-5 degrees. Standard acupuncture treatment and acupoint catgut embedding treatment reduce neck pain and improve the neck disability index. Acupoint catgut embedding treatment improves the quality of life of patients with chronic neck pain, especially reducing anxiety and fear scores with statistical significance. Conclusion 1. Standard acupuncture and acupoint catgut embedding treatment are equally effective in relieving chronic neck pain. 2. Acupoint catgut embedding treatment increased the range of motion in the same way as standard acupuncture. 3. Acupoint catgut embedding treatment also reduced the patient’s Neck Disability Index and improved Quality of life.

Background: As of 2019, according to the Health Indicators of the Mongolian population, diseases of the digestive system ranked second in terms of morbidity, with gallbladder, biliary tract, and pancreatic diseases accounting for 14.2%, and the proportion of surgeries related to these diseases is high. Aim: Explore the ingredients and recipes of traditional medicine used for gallbladder disease. Materials and Methods: “The four foundations of medicine-Анагаах ухааны дөрвөн үндэс” and their interpretations, and source works were selected, and hermeneutic methodology, comparative method of source studies, historical classification method, and analysis-synthesis method were used. Results: A total of 43 recipes for treating gallstone disease were selected from the source texts. In terms of the method of treatment, all of them were written as hot and cold. The medicine for gallstone heat disease was directly written in “Manag Renchinjunai-Mанаг рэнчинжунай”. The two recipes were explained as new and old in the “Four springs-Рашааны дусал”. Although the contents written in other source books are the same as “The four foundations of medicine-Анагаах ухааны дөрвөн үндэс”, the “The four foundations of medicine-Анагаах ухааны дөрвөн үндэс” are very clearly explained as medicines to be taken, decoctions, and medicines to be given when the effects of heat are delayed. There is no difference in the following books and sutras regarding treatment, food and drink, and events. The method of adding mantras to the national method of Uvdis is not written in other sutras. The medicine for gallstone cold disease was directly written in “Manag Renchinjunai-Mанаг рэнчинжунай”. The amount of medicine in the “Four springs-Рашааны дусал” was carefully calculated. “The four foundations of medicine-Анагаах ухааны дөрвөн үндэс”are astringent, emetic, laxative, stopping the tail of the tail, and cutting off the tail of the disease and replacing it. The method of treating the disease is a method of adding charms to the root, and the “Four springs-Рашааны дусал” are also explained. The food and drink and the event are not written in the Mанаг рэнчинжунай, and there is no difference in other books and scriptures. Conclusion While many recipes for treating gallbladder diseases have been discovered in traditional treatises, the number of recipes and medicines for treating gallbladder heat diseases is greater than the number of medicines for treating gallbladder cold diseases.

Abstract: Mongolian traditional medicine has history of 5000 years and has been used medicinal plants, medicinal animal products, and minerals for prevention, treatment, more energy or strength. The woody parts, resins-colophony, and bark of the Siberian larch, belonging to the genus Pinaceae, are used in traditional medicine as a medicinal raw material. This paper purposed to reviews the chemical composition and pharmacological research of Siberian larch, a natural medicinal raw material that occupies 60.4% of Mongolia’s natural forest area and 78.7% of its reserves, and its use in Western and Oriental medicine. Method: The study of the chemical composition of Siberian larch, pharmacological research, and its use in Western and Eastern medicine was judged on the basis of sources, scientific articles, and textbooks. Result Alkaloids, flavonoids, various essential oils, polysaccharides, sesquiterpenes in the upper part of the Siberian larch, flavonoids such as quercetin, taxifolin, kempferol in Siberian larch wood, abietic acid in the solid part of Siberian larch resin, Siberian larch bark contains tannins (10-15%), lignin (46-47%) and polyphenols (38-39%). The woody part of the Siberian larch tree has antiviral activity against Herpes Simplex, high antioxidant properties, and is used to prevent and treat allergic diseases. The flavonoids in larch resin reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Larch bark inhibits E.coli bacteria.

Abstract Since ancient times, In traditional medicine has been widely used for Tan medicine, which make to natural raw material. Nowadays, this practice has been renewed, and researches are being conducted to determine their chemical component, mineral content and to explain their activating mechanism. Compounds with antioxidant activity contained in the pharmaceutical raw materials has very important benefits for metabolism, organ system function and to inhibit inflammation, oxidation reaction. In Mongolian traditional medical sources literature noted that bark (Larix sibirica Ldb) has activity such as anticoagulant, anti-cancer, anti-flu and to decrease arterial hypertension and also it was included to composition of "Tanchin-25" reception. Spectrometry and Rentgen fluorescence spectroscopy were used to identify chemical composition and content of mineral in the sample of Larix bark (Larix sibirica Ldb). According to the exploration, content of total flavonoid were determined 0.773%, and by mineral test, essential macro and micro elements that were obtained Ca (18.74%), Mg (8.31%), P (13.29%), K (2.49%), Na (0.675%), Cu-(375ppm), Zn(715ppm), Cr (68ppm) and V (17ppm), Co (5ppm).