Background: Lumbar spine stability is maintained by three distinct yet interconnected systems that control intersegmental stability. Lumbar spine instability is a primary cause of low back pain and a significant contributor to disability. Globally, the “Lumbar Spine Instability Questionnaire (LSIQ)” is widely utilized in clinical practice. This validated tool is effective not only for patients with confirmed lumbar instability but also for individuals experiencing general low back pain. Aim: To determine the Mongolian version of the LSIQ and evaluate its reliability. Materials and Methods: The translation process commenced after obtaining permission from the original copyright holder of the LSIQ. Following Beaton’s five-stage guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures, a preliminary Mongolian version was developed. Ethical approval was granted by the Research Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS) on November 21, 2025 (Decision No. 25-26/03-01). A total of 68 participants were initially recruited, with 5 excluded based on exclusion criteria. The final 63 participants with non-specific low back pain completed the Mongolian LSIQ. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS-27.0. Result: Internal consistency of the Mongolian LSIQ, assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, was alpha=0.85, indicating good reliability. Test-retest reliability, evaluated over a 24-hour interval using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), yielded ICC=0.999 (95% CI:0.999–1.000, p<0.001), demonstrating excellent stability and reliability of the instrument. Conclusion The Mongolian version of the Lumbar Spine Instability Questionnaire (M-LSIQ) is clear in content and possesses high internal consistency and reliability. The results indicate that the LSIQ is a reliable and stable tool for assessing lumbar instability in the Mongolian clinical setting, meeting the necessary diagnostic standards for effective evaluation.

Background: Neck pain is a highly prevalent global health issue, with approximately two-thirds of the population experiencing it at least once in their lifetime. Prevalence is highest among middle-aged adults, ranging from 22% to 70%. Up to 54% of individuals report neck pain within the last six months, of which 37% develop chronic symptoms. According to the Global Burden of Disease Study, 203 million people suffered from neck pain in 2020, a figure projected to rise to 269 million by 2050. Chronic neck pain often involves neuromuscular changes, including reduced range of motion (ROM), impaired motor control, decreased movement velocity, and diminished joint position sense. These dysfunctions directly impact activities of daily living (ADL), leading to significant disability. Aim: To study the loss of mobility resulting from physical therapy for chronic non-specific neck pain. Materials and Methods: This study included 115 participants aged 30–59 with chronic non-specific neck pain. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Following a clinical examination based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, movement control was assessed using 13 clinical tests (flexion, extension, and rotation) as described by Hannu Luomajoki et al. (2008). Disability was evaluated using the Neck Disability Index (NDI). Pain intensity at rest and during movement was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and the cervical range of motion was determined using a goniometer. Result: The mean age of the participants was 37.38 \pm 12.00 years, with 76.5% (n=88) being female and 23.5% (n=27) male; the mean BMI was 24.59 \pm 3.55. Notably, 86.1% of participants were classified into the complex movement dysfunction group. A moderate positive correlation was observed between pain during movement and disability (r=0.331, p<0.001). However, movement control impairment did not show a statistically significant correlation with disability or pain levels (p>0.05). Regression analysis confirmed that pain is the primary factor influencing disability (p<0.001). Conclusion In patients with non-specific neck pain, an increase in pain intensity is directly associated with higher levels of disability. Movement control impairment appears to be relatively independent of pain intensity, suggesting that clinical interventions should focus not only on pain reduction but also on specialized kinesiotherapy to improve movement quality.

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most prevalent prenatal neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by a group of permanent movement and postural syndromes resulting from early-stage brain injury. While prevalence varies globally (1.5 to 3.4 per 1,000 live births), the incidence in Mongolia is recorded at 1.89 per 1,000 live births. Although approximately one-third of children with CP are non-ambulatory, those classified within GMFCS Levels I, II, and III retain the ability to walk independently or with assistive devices. Quantitative gait analysis is essential for understanding motor impairments, optimizing treatment planning, and improving clinical prognosis. Aim: To determine the biomechanical characteristics of “Jump gait” in children with cerebral palsy. Materials and Methods: The study included 14 children aged 8–15 diagnosed with CP (GMFCS Level I) and a control group of 14 age-matched healthy children. Anthropometric data (age, sex, weight, height) were collected. Lower limb kinematics and kinetics were measured using a 3D optical motion capture system and force plates. Reflective markers were placed on specific anatomical landmarks to record gait cycles. Results: Comparative kinematic analysis revealed no significant difference in hip joint range of motion (ROM) between the CP and control groups. However, children with CP exhibited a significant reduction in knee ROM, specifically an inability to achieve full knee extension during the gait cycle. Regarding ankle kinematics, children with CP showed negative values (plantarflexion) during the initial heel strike phase, indicating a “Toe-walking” pattern. Statistical significance was observed in ankle ROM across all phases of the gait cycle. No statistically significant difference was found in the vertical ground reaction force (GRF) during the initial contact phase between the two groups. Conclusion The “Jump gait” pattern in children with CP is primarily characterized by restricted knee extension and excessive ankle plantarflexion rather than hip joint dysfunction. Quantifying these biomechanical deviations provides critical data for optimizing personalized rehabilitation and clinical interventions.

Background: The prevalence of cerebral palsy is estimated to be between 1.5 and 3.8 per 1,000 live births. In Mongolia, the incidence is reported to be 1.89 per 1,000 live births. Physical therapy for children with cerebral palsy improved their motor abilities. The involvement of family members plays a critical role in engaging children in therapeutic activities. Aim: Empowering parents and guardians to ensure regular participation in physical therapy is a priority. Materials and Methods: A total of six children aged 4–9 years (2 males, 4 females) with quadriplegia who received home-based services between October 1, 2023, and October 1, 2024, were selected using a case-controlled clinical trial design. A physical therapist visited once every two weeks for 60-minute sessions. Children’s motor development was assessed using the GMFM-88 criteria, and statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26. Results: Following the physical therapist’s guidance, parents conducted physical therapy exercises with their children an average of 4.5 times per week, with each session lasting approximately 26.6 minutes. Statistically significant improvements in motor function were observed at the 3-month (p = 0.020), 6-month (p = 0.006), and 1-year (p = 0.006) reassessments. Conclusion These findings highlight the importance of parental and guardian involvement in supporting the motor development of children with cerebral palsy.

Background: During knee flexion and extension, imbalance in the forces controlling the patella can cause lateral displacement of the patella, resulting in abnormal loading on the femoral groove and leading to anterior knee pain (AKP). Management of AKP is typically non-surgical. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of inelastic and elastic taping on knee kinematics during stair descent. Aim: To examine the effects of elastic and inelastic taping on knee joint kinematics during stair descent Materials and Methods: A total of 60 female participants were recruited. Each participant descended a standardized 20 cm step while being recorded from sagittal and frontal plan using high-speed cameras. Three test conditions were assessed: no taping, elastic taping, and non-elastic taping. Motion analysis was performed using the “Motion Analysis Image J” program to measure knee flexion range of motion, knee valgus angle, Q-angle, and pelvic drop Results: The mean knee flexion angles were 61.47±5.72 degree (no taping), 61.35±6.33 degree (elastic taping), and 60.21±8.60 degree (inelastic taping), with no significant difference (p=0.305). However, the knee Q-angle differed significantly among conditions: 20.97±11.31 degree (no taping), 20.34±9.10 degree (elastic taping), and 10.16±7.24 degree (inelastic taping) (p=0.001). Knee valgus angle also showed significant differences (8.14±5.72 degree p=0.001). Pelvic drop angles were 10.19±6.31 degree (no taping), 9.06±5.31 degree (elastic taping), and 5.17±4.15 (inelastic taping), with p=0.001, indicating statistical significance. Conclusion During stair descent, the use of inelastic taping reduces the knee valgus angle, whereas elastic taping is more effective in reducing pelvic drop. Both elastic and inelastic taping reduced the knee Q-angle to a similar extent compared to the no-tape condition; however, neither had an effect on knee flexion range of motion. These findings suggest that inelastic taping is more effective for controlling excessive knee valgus, while elastic taping is more effective for improving pelvic stability during daily activities.

Introduction: Gait evaluation and training using treadmill will be increasingly used in near future. However it is con¬troversial whether the treadmill replicates the overground environment. Goal: Aim of this study was to compare overground and treadmill ambulation for possible differences in gait tempo¬ral variables and leg joint kinematics. Materials and Methods: A total of 10 participants walked on overground and treadmill. Participants walked at their preferred velocity on overground. The treadmill velocity was adjusted average velocity obtained in overground walking. Walking in two conditions was captured by high speed camera and analyzed by motion analyses software. Results: The maximum hip flexion angle (P=0.046), maximum hip extension (P=0.0001), maximum knee extension (P=0.0001) and maximum ankle dorsiflexion (P=0.022) were significantly different in the two conditions. Conclusions: The present study suggest that statistically significant differences exist between overground and treadmill walking in healthy subjects for some joint kinematic and temporal variables.