Background: Early recognition and prevention of common childhood illnesses are essential to reduce morbidity and mortality among children under five. Aim: To assess parental knowledge and preventive practices related to childhood illnesses in Mongolia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 175 parents and caregivers of children aged 0–59 months attending primary health care facilities in urban and rural areas. Data were collected using structured interviews assessing knowledge of general danger signs, prevention of diarrhea and respiratory illnesses, household environmental risk factors, and injury prevention. Descriptive statistics and comparative analyses were performed, with statistical sig nificance set at p<0.05. Results: Urban caregivers identified significantly more general danger signs than rural caregivers (mean 5.3 vs 3.2; p<0.001). Knowledge levels did not differ between caregivers of ill and healthy children. Preventive practices related to diarrhea showed no significant association with child illness status. Rural households reported higher exposure to indoor air pollution from solid fuel use. Injuries requiring medical attention were reported in 22.9% of children, with no signifi cant differences in injury prevention knowledge. Conclusion Parental knowledge varied by place of residence rather than child health status, underscoring the need for context-specific health education within primary health care services, particularly in rural settings.

Introduction: The main goal of the modern national drug manufacturer is to develop highly biological active, low-side effects and no toxicity pharmaceutical products that can replace synthetic drugs with natural animal, plant and mineral raw materials. We conducted this study in aim to develop the standard of pharmacopoeia of root of Caryopteris mongolica which an antibacterial activity plant that grows in Mongolia. The study included experiments to determine the appearance of the plant, to determine its anatomical structure, to determine the quantitative analysis of pharmacognosy and to determine the microbiological analysis. Method: We defined the appearance of plant by sensory method, anatomical structure of plant by light microscopy method. And we experimented the quantitative analysis of pharmacognosy and microbiological analysis of plant according to the methodology specified in the general requirements for medicinal plant raw material of the National Pharmacopoeia of Mongolia. Conclusion As a result of the study, the appearance of plant was brown, woody thick, has many branched roots, odorless and bitter. The quantitative analysis of pharmacognosy of plant met the general requirements for medicinal plant raw material. For microbiological analysis, plant met the all requirements.

Introduction: In gallstone diseases, common bile duct stones and thickened bile could cause hepatitis or other difficulties. Therefore intraoperative cholangiography is helpful in many operations besides detecting and diagnosing the gallstones in common bile duct. Materials and Methods: Out of 266 patients who had undergone Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy surgery in GrandMed Hospital, 14 patients were found to have jaundice and cholestasis after undergoing laboratory and radiology tests. Results: These 14 patients have all undergone IOC. 7 out of 14 patients were found to have positive cholangiogram and the other 7 - negative. Biliary tract tumor and anatomic anomalies were not identified among these patients. Conclusion: Making analysis using only laboratory data is not adequate for directly detecting choledocholithiasis. IOC not only shows bile tract obstruction and determines cholestasis causes, but it also identifies the anatomy biliary tract, which is a procedure that facilitates dissection. Therefore IOCcan prevent the most serious complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy - common bile duct injury. The sensitivity of IOC ensures the gathering of important information on time, so suggest to use it for every suspicious case.

Introduction: In gallstone diseases,common bile duct stones and thickened bilecould cause hepatitis or other difficulties.Therefore intraoperative cholangiography ishelpful in many operations besides detectingand diagnosing the gallstones in commonbile duct.Materials and Methods: Out of 266patients who had undergone LaparoscopicCholecystectomy surgery in GrandMedHospital, 14 patients were found to havejaundice and cholestasis after undergoinglaboratory and radiology tests.Results: These 14 patients have allundergone IOC. 7 out of 14 patients werefound to have positive cholangiogram andthe other 7 - negative. Biliary tract tumorand anatomic anomalies were not identifiedamong these patients.Conclusion: Making analysis usingonly laboratory data is not adequate fordirectly detecting choledocholithiasis. IOCnot only shows bile tract obstruction anddetermines cholestasis causes, but it alsoidentifies the anatomy biliary tract, whichis a procedure that facilitates dissection.Therefore IOCcan prevent the most seriouscomplication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy- common bile duct injury. The sensitivityof IOC ensures the gathering of importantinformation on time, so suggest to use it forevery suspicious case.

Acethylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors have been used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Currently, the only effective treatment for AD disease targets the cholinergic system using anti-cholinesterase compounds. AD is progressive, degenerative disease characterized by memory loss, language deterioration, poor judgment, impaired visuospatial skills etc. There are a few synthetic medicines, e.g. tacrine, donepezil and the natural product-based rivastigmine and galantamine to treat cognitive dysfunction and memory loss associated with AD. These approved drugs are limited in use due to their adverse side effects such as gastrointestinal disturbance and bioavailability problems. There still is great interest in fi nding better AchE inhibitors. We have screened in this study the anti-acethylcholinesterase effects of 87 samples, which prepared from different parts of 43 plant species. Methanolic extracts of nine plants, namely Patrinia rupestris, Numpaea candida, Lespedeza hedysaroides, Pachypfeurum alpinum, Leontopodium Leontopodioides, Nonea pulla, Leontopodium compestre, Gypsophilea patrinii and Abies sibirica showed potent effect, their inhibition ratios were 39.65%, 42.22%, 38.06%, 40.55%, 38.82%, 35.1%, 35.85%, 35.3 % and 53.01%, respectively. Our research shows that some Mongolian medicinal plants have anti-acetylcholinesterase activity, furthermore investigations needed to isolate pure bio-active compounds from these active plants and determine their chemical structures.