Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most prevalent prenatal neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by a group of permanent movement and postural syndromes resulting from early-stage brain injury. While prevalence varies globally (1.5 to 3.4 per 1,000 live births), the incidence in Mongolia is recorded at 1.89 per 1,000 live births. Although approximately one-third of children with CP are non-ambulatory, those classified within GMFCS Levels I, II, and III retain the ability to walk independently or with assistive devices. Quantitative gait analysis is essential for understanding motor impairments, optimizing treatment planning, and improving clinical prognosis. Aim: To determine the biomechanical characteristics of “Jump gait” in children with cerebral palsy. Materials and Methods: The study included 14 children aged 8–15 diagnosed with CP (GMFCS Level I) and a control group of 14 age-matched healthy children. Anthropometric data (age, sex, weight, height) were collected. Lower limb kinematics and kinetics were measured using a 3D optical motion capture system and force plates. Reflective markers were placed on specific anatomical landmarks to record gait cycles. Results: Comparative kinematic analysis revealed no significant difference in hip joint range of motion (ROM) between the CP and control groups. However, children with CP exhibited a significant reduction in knee ROM, specifically an inability to achieve full knee extension during the gait cycle. Regarding ankle kinematics, children with CP showed negative values (plantarflexion) during the initial heel strike phase, indicating a “Toe-walking” pattern. Statistical significance was observed in ankle ROM across all phases of the gait cycle. No statistically significant difference was found in the vertical ground reaction force (GRF) during the initial contact phase between the two groups. Conclusion The “Jump gait” pattern in children with CP is primarily characterized by restricted knee extension and excessive ankle plantarflexion rather than hip joint dysfunction. Quantifying these biomechanical deviations provides critical data for optimizing personalized rehabilitation and clinical interventions.

Background: Allergic and atrophic forms of chronic rhinitis are common among the population, characterized by a chronic progressive course with a tendency toward increasing prevalence. Worldwide, allergic rhinitis affects approximately 10–40% of adults and 2–25% of children. According to a study conducted in Mongolia, the prevalence of allergic rhinitis among adults in Ulaanbaatar was reported to be 23.6%, with an increasing trend anticipated in the future. In allergic and atrophic rhinitis, structural alterations occur in the nasal mucosa, including disruption of the normal architecture of the pseudostratified epithelium and ciliated cells, accompanied by changes in goblet cell number and dysfunction of their activity, resulting in a complex pathological process. In otorhinolaryngology practice in Mongolia, there is a relative lack of studies investigating the ultrastructural changes of the nasal mucosa in allergic and atrophic rhinitis. Aim: To compare ultrastructural and histological changes of the nasal mucosa in allergic and atrophic rhinitis. Materials and Methods: Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Review Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences at the meeting held on April 24, 2020 (Protocol No. 2020/З-04). Appropriate ethical permission was also obtained from the EMJJ ENT Hospital. Nasal mucosal tissue samples were collected from surgically resected specimens of patients aged 20–45 years diagnosed with allergic and atrophic rhinitis. The mucosal specimens were processed at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. Samples were fixed and dehydrated according to the protocol, coated with 100 Å gold, and examined using a scanning electron microscope (FEI Quanta FEG 250, USA). In addition, paraffin blocks were prepared, sectioned at 4 μm thickness, stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, and analyzed histologically. Results: In allergic rhinitis, the pseudostratified epithelium was relatively preserved; however, disorganization of ciliated cells, partial loss of cilia, and goblet cell hyperplasia were observed. In contrast, atrophic rhinitis showed epithelial thinning, near-complete loss of ciliated structures, glandular atrophy, and submucosal fibrosis. Conclusion Allergic rhinitis is associated with relatively mild and predominantly functional mucosal alterations, whereas atrophic rhinitis demonstrates severe structural damage with irreversible impairment of mucosal protective function.

Background: Nasal bone fracture is the most common facial bone injury and remains a significant clinical and forensic concern. Although perceived as minor, management can lead to long-term complications such as external nasal deformity, septal perforation, nasal obstruction, and chronic rhinosinusitis. These sequelae compromise quality of life and frequently give rise to medico-legal disputes regarding the assessment of health damage and work capacity. Aim: To characterize nasal bone fractures and septal deformities and to evaluate their correlation with the severity of health damage and loss of work capacity. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 70 patients individuals with acute nasal bone fractures treated at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, First Central Hospital of Mongolia, and patients with minor injuries assessed at the National Forensic Agency of Mongolia. Data collection included structured questionnaires, physical examination, nasal endoscopy and computed tomography. Nasal bone fractures were classified according to Hwang (2002) and septal deviations were categorized using Mladina’s classification (1987). Statistical analyses were performed to explore associations between fracture type, septal deviation, nasal obstruction and functional impairment. Results: Septal deviation was identified in 60% of patients without fracture and in 40% of those with concurrent fractures. Among 60 cases of blunt nasal trauma, septal deviation showed a statistically significant association with septal fracture (p=0.001). Hwang type II, III, and IV fractures demonstrated the strongest correlation with unilateral or bilateral nasal obstruction (χ²=29.72). Bilateral nasal bone fractures were more frequently associated with septal deviation, while logistic regression analysis revealed an increased risk of impaired work capacity (coefficient 0.237). Conclusion 1. In 40% of the study participants with nasal trauma, nasal bone fractures were accompanied by septal injury, initially classified as mild. 2. These patients underwent surgical treatment; however, when the recovery period extended beyond four weeks a reassessment of health impairment was required. According to the criterion of prolonged disruption of health, the degree of impairment was subsequently reclassified as moderate.

BACKGROUND. In the present situation, other than establishing the cause of death, one other major problem that the world is still facing in the forensic medical science is determining the time of death. To meet this requirement, scientists have been studying the organ system at cellular level based on medical and other sciences. Determining the time of death solves the problem which judicial organization has to face and it is significant to demonstrate citizen’s religion and traditional rituals. Now there are two methods, early and late reflection in the corpse. When we determine the time of death, we have purposed changes of epithelial cell structures and movements in the smear from the cornea after death. The studies related with those have not yet being undertaken in our country. Therefore, we want to investigate what changes are related with corneal cytology depend on the time of death. PURPOSE: To study the changes of epithelial cell structure and movement in the smear from the cornea after death. CONCLUSION: We observed the marked changes in the cell structure, including increased nucleus/cytoplasmic ratio and also a nuclear karyolysis of the epithelial cells of the cornea at 1-2 hours, 3-4 hours, 5-7 hours, 8-11 hours, 12-17 hours, 1 day and 2 days after the death, respectively. From the research results, by observing the number of epithelial cell of the cornea, we can see that when the time of death is prolonged, the number of epithelial cell increases. When we compared the time of death with the determined number of epithelial cells, there are statistically significant (ρ=0.981, p<0.001).

BACKGROUND OF STUDY: For the past 10 years, accidents and trauma are ranking third in the cause of Mongolian population’s death. Russian scientists have defined that skull and brain trauma comprise of 40% of the total traumas and is one of the serious injuries that have damaging effect to the health. Defining its creation, injury period, death cause in the leading direction of science of forensic medicine in our country are still the urgent issues. Nowadays little research which studied case mortality due to accident and trauma has been studied, this became background of our research work. PURPOSE OF STUDY: To study cause and peculiarity of pathology of case mortality due to brain trauma, in the condition of our country and to consider the result. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY: To study the cause, some risks of head injury. To define pathology of case mortality due to head injury. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: We did retrospective study in 555 case material of an autopsy of case mortality of head injury of forensic medicine and research department of national institute of forensic science. Statistical work out was done by Microsoft excel and extensive index. RESULT OF STUDY: 84.5% (n=459) is male and 15.5% (n=86) is female out of our 555 involved cases and the gender ratio is 5:1. The most or 81% of the research participants had head injuries due to hitting with firm and dull stuffs and 15.9% head injury as a result of traffic accident follows in the second place. To analyze from the characteristics of mortality, 93% is subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural, epidural hematoma, 64% is brain tissue injury were detected. CONCLUSION: Young manhood men mortality that has head injury resulted from the firm and dull things occupies most of the percentage in our research. The head injury can lead to the mortality of his ordinary process.