Background: Sarcopenia is a multifactorial geriatric syndrome characterized by age-related loss of muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance. In recent years, neurotrophic and neuromuscular biomarkers have been investigated as potential diagnostic indicators of sarcopenia; however, evidence regarding their sex-specific differences remains limited. Aim: To evaluate the sex-specific associations of serum BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 levels with sarcopenia and muscle-related parameters among older adults. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study included adults aged 60 years and older. Sarcopenia was defined according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS 2019) criteria. Serum BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 levels were measured using ELISA. Group differences were analyzed using independent t-tests, correlations were assessed using Pearson correlation analysis, and diagnostic performance for sarcopenia was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was also performed. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed in serum BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 levels between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic participants in either the male or female groups (all p>0.05). ROC analysis demonstrated AUC values ranging from 0.540 to 0.542 in males and from 0.508 to 0.530 in females for BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that age (OR=1.12, 95% CI: 1.04–1.21, p=0.003) and lower fat-free mass index (OR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.66–0.91, p=0.001) were significantly associated with sarcopenia, whereas BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 showed no independent association with sarcopenia. Conclusions 1. No statistically significant sex-specific differences were observed in serum BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 levels between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic older adults (all p>0.05). 2. CAF22 levels were weakly negatively correlated with muscle mass and fat-free mass index in males (p<0.05), whereas BDNF levels showed weak positive correlations with handgrip strength and fat-free mass index in females (p<0.05). CAF22 levels also demonstrated a weak positive correlation with age (p<0.05). 3. ROC and multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated limited diagnostic utility of BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 for sarcopenia (AUC=0.508–0.542), and none of these biomarkers showed an independent association with sarcopenia (all p>0.05). In contrast, older age (OR=1.12, p=0.003) and lower fat-free mass index (OR=0.78, p=0.001) were significantly associated with sarcopenia.

Background: According to a study by US scientists, 1/3 percent of the world’s population uses tobacco, and the use of tobacco has steadily decreased over the years, while the use of tobacco-like products, including electronic cigarettes, has increased rapidly. In order to combat this problem, it is necessary to assess the knowledge about e-cigarettes among young people, who are considered to be the main users of e-cigarettes. The lack of research on e-cigarettes is the basis for this study. Aim: To evaluate the knowledge of electronic cigarettes among Nursing students of the School of Nursing. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted by randomly selecting 128 first-year Bachelor of Nursing students from the School of Nursing and taking a questionnaire. The results of the research were statistically processed using the IBM statistics SPSS-25.0 program. Results: Considering the age of the students in the study, 18 years old (41.4%), 19 years old (46.9%), and 20 years old (11.7%) were included. Regarding gender, 113 (88.3%) were female and 15 (11.7%) were male. 65 (50.8%) of the students are enrolled from Ulaanbaatar city, 63 (49.2%) from the local area. When assessing knowledge about electronic cigarettes, 100 (78.1%) had knowledge and 28 (21.9%) had no knowledge. Among students who smoke, 34 (87.2%) smoke e-cigarettes and 5 (12.8%) smoke cigarettes. Sex, where you started, and who you live with are irrelevant to e-cigarette use. But the smoking status is that 32 (36.0%) smoke by themselves with someone in the family who smokes, 7 (17.9%) smoke by themselves without a smoker in the family, friends smoke e-cigarettes 37 (34.3%) smoke by themselves, friends 2 (10%) are related to self-attractors who do not attract friends. (p=0.022) who the participants live with is the motivation for smoking. 36% of students who live with their parents smoke, while 64% of students who live apart from their parents smoke. 84.4% of respondents do not know that e-cigarettes contain propylene glycol, 15.6% do, 63.3% do not know that electronic cigarettes contain benzene, and 36.7% do. Conclusion The level of knowledge about electronic cigarettes among nursing students was insufficient. In addition, having family members or friends who smoke was found to influence students smoking behavior.

Background: Bone mineral density (BMD) is a key indicator reflecting bone strength and resistance to fracture. It is influenced by multiple factors, including age, sex, genetic background, body composition, nutrition, and physical activity. During young adulthood, peak bone mass is actively formed; therefore, identifying early variations in this period is essential for predicting future skeletal health risks. Accordingly, assessing BMD and evaluating its relationship with physical characteristics among first-year nursing students provides a scientific rationale for this study. Aim: To examine the relationship between bone mineral density and selected physical parameters among students. Materials and Methods: A total of 297 first-year students aged 17-35 years from the School of Nursing, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences were included. Bone mineral density was assessed by measuring the speed of sound through the radius using an ultrasound bone densitometry device. Handgrip strength was measured using an electronic dynamometer. Physical parameters including age, sex, height, and body weight were measured using standardized procedures, and statistical analysis was performed. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of MNUMS on November 21, 2025 (No. 26/1) and March 28, 2026 (No. 26/03-B02), with no ethical violations identified. Results: According to T-scores, 37.1% (n=110) of participants had normal bone status and 62.9% (n=187) showed reduced bone density. Based on Z-scores, 52.5% (n=159) were normal, while 45.6% (n=138) had decreased values. T-score values were 1.87±0.69 (<20 years), 1.44±0.55 (20–30 years), and 1.10±0.31 (>30 years), while Z-score values were −0.73±1.38, −0.43±1.23, and −0.02±1.27, respectively. ANOVA analysis revealed statistically significant differences among age groups (p<0.01). A positive correlation was observed between T-score and age, whereas no significant correlations were found with other physical parameters. Z-score showed a positive correlation with handgrip strength. Conclusions 1. A high prevalence of reduced bone mineral density was observed among the students, which may be associated with incomplete attainment of peak bone mass in adolescents and young adults. 2. A significant difference in bone mineral density was found between age groups (p<0.01), indicating that age is an important factor influencing bone mineral density.

Background: Accreditation of healthcare institutions serves as a fundamental mechanism for ensuring patient safety and validating the quality of medical services provided to the population. At Intermed Hospital, a quality measurement system for healthcare services has been established since 2015, encompassing 126 quality indicators at both institutional and departmental levels. This system facilitates continuous quality improvement efforts. In this context, quality indicators specific to the endoscopy department play a pivotal role in objectively assessing the quality of endoscopic services. Aim: To assess the quality indicators in gastrointestinal endoscopy unit. Materials and Methods: A retrospective single-center study was conducted by collecting data from the Intermed hospital’s electronic information systems which included HIS and PACS and Quality and Safety Department’s Database and the results were processed using the SPSS software. Ethical approval was granted by the Intermed hospital’s Scientific research committee. The quality of endoscopic services in the Intermed hospital was assessed based on: a) the average values of four quality indicators measured monthly; b) sample survey data from five categories of quality indicators. Results : Between 2016 and 2024, the quality indicators of the endoscopy unit measured as the level of early warning score evaluations for patients was 95.97%±3.33, the level of cases where peripheral blood oxygen saturation decreased during sedation was 1.54%±3.78, the level of cases where patients experienced paradoxiical response during sedation was 5.82%±1.75, surveillance culturing level for validation of endoscopy reprocessing was 11.6%. The endoscopic documentation quality by peer review showed 95.7-100%, the colonoscopy quality indicators were followings as adenoma detection rate: 24.5% Cecal intubation rate: 99.1%, 95.2%, Colonoscope withdrawal average time: 13.28±10.62 minutes, Bowel preparation quality (Boston Scale): 89.3% 95.7%), patient discharge from the recovery room, Average discharge time post-procedure: With propofol alone: 30.92 minutes; With propofol and fentanyl combined: 31.52 minutes, The intermediate risk was 0.28% by the TROOPS evaluation during procedural sedation. Conclusion The quality benchmark levels for these endoscopic units, as determined by a single-center study, can be effectively implemented by benchmark endoscopy centers to enhance their quality and safety operations.

Background: Early application of autologous skin may lead to the loss of split thickness skin graft due to unclarified wound bed. Allogeneic skin grafts are performed on patients with extensive burn injuries after escharotomy, tangential excisions and deep debridement for the purpose of stabilizing the general condition and reducing the scope of local complications. Objectives: The aim of this paper is to determine how the use of allografts improves the conditions for the intake of autografts in burns treatment, and how it accelerates wound healing in comparison to the autografts-only option. Material and Methods: In 2016-2017, allogeneic skin was grafted on 24 patients, and in 6 cases grafting was repeated several times. An autologous split-thickness skin graft was applied to 23 patients. The analysis included the relationship between the duration of hospitalization and the number of skin transplantations, the relationship between the time of admission to debridement of the necrotic tissues and the total duration of hospitalization. Results: The results suggest that multiple applications of autografts not only do not lead to quicker recovery, but even lengthen the hospitalization time. The dependency is visible also in the patients who underwent the skin grafting procedure in allogeneic and autologous systems twice or more. There was a statistical significant difference between the duration of hospitalization in groups of patients who underwent STSG preceded by allogeneic skin graft transplantation when compared to the group of patients who underwent allogeneic skin application (p < 0.05) and the group of patients who were grafted with autologous skin (p < 0.05). The procedure of early resection of necrotic tissue combined with autologous or allogeneic skin graft improved the survival outcomes of the patients. Conclusions Allogeneic skin grafts are a perfect dressing when wound vascularization is insufficient to take free split-thickness skin graft. In patients with comparable burn surface areas, multiple applications of free autologous split-thickness skin grafts (STSG) extend the hospitalization time in comparison to application of allogeneic skin dressing as the first-line therapy.

INTRODUCTION:Alcohol (EtOH) use disorders (AUDs) represent a substantial public health problem worldwide. Over 76million people present with AUDs 2.5 million deaths were attributed to alcohol (World Health Organization,2010). Channadshelshi has been used for treatment of alcohol-related, liver disease and intoxication intraditional medicine.GOAL:To determine effect of channadshelshi on voluntary alcoholic wistar rats.MATERIALS AND METHODS:To examine acute toxicity of Channadselshi were used V.P.Prozorovsky express method (1978) andOECD (2001).Voluntary EtoH consumption measurement (two-bottle choice, intermittent access to EtOH paradigm inwistar rats). Water and 20% ethanol were presented in 200 mlgraduated plastic cylinders with stainlesssteeldrinking spouts.The experiment period was 10 weeks total. EtOH consumption was expressed asgrams of EtOH consumed per kilogram of body weight/day.Elevated plus maze. Anxiety associated with EtoH withdrawalwas measured on EPM The mazewaselevated 1 m above the floor and contained four 50 cm long, 10 cmwidearms arranged at rightangles. The closed arms had opaque walls 30cm high, extending the length of the arm. At the time of thetest, eachanimal was placed in the center of the maze facing an open arm andallowed to explore for a5 min session. During this 5 min test session, theanimal’s number of arm entries and time spent in eacharm per entry was recorded on a camera.Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) 100 mg/kg dose used in this study was determined as the dose that inducedseizures and protection against mortality in miceThe experimental protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the MNUMS. (№ 14-11/1À)RESULTS:LD50 of Channadselshi extract was found to be LD50=2.58 (2.1-3.2) gr/kg by V.P.Prozorovsky expressmethod (1978). Channadselshi was no acute toxic by OECD (2001).Ten and four weeks oral administration of Channadselshi (200 mg/kg) significantly (P<0.01) decreasedthe consumption of ethanol and significantly (P<0.01) increased time spent in open arm (EPM) involuntary alcoholic wistar rat compare to control.The time (sec) of latency the generalized convulsion were significantly (P<0.01) increased ofChannadselshi compare to control. The percent of protection against mortality were 80% in PTZinduced seizure in mice.CONCLUSIONS:1. Our study showed that Channadselshi hasreduced consumption of ethanol in voluntary alcoholicwistar rat.2. Channadselshi has central nervous system protection effect against PTZ induced seizure in mice.

Managchenmo is a traditional Mongolian medicine functional liquor comprising twelve crude drugs: Sus scrofa / cinis faecis /, Inula helenium L., Terminalia chebula Retz., Melia toosendan Sieb, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, Lagotis integrifolia (Willd.)Schischk, Gentiana barbata Froel, Moschus moschiferus, Bezoar Bovis, Calcio sinteris, Carthamus tinctorius L,and Saccharum officinarum. Nowadays the Mongolian traditional herbs are more preferable than the chemical ones; for this reason studies on their use history and new technologies are conducted. Thus we study Managchinmo affects, herb for treatment of liver hot disorders, on trial rats (Handa.S.S, Sharma.A .1990 ) with hepatotoxicity. The levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkalinephosphatase (ALP) were determined through biochemical methods. The bile duct was cannulated with a tube to collect bile for two hours and bile flow was calculated by the weight of each specimen. Our results showed that Managchenmo (150 mg/kg) significantly prevented CCl4-induced changes in bile flow and serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP. In conclusion, Managchenmo exerted a protective effect on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

Objectives: To investigate of Lonal praparation for antidiabetic effects in diabetic rats induced by alloxan. Methods: Diabetic animals were randomly divided into 3 groups and treated orally with different doses (100 mg/kg body weight) Lonal extract once a day for 21 days. The body weight of each animal was determined, to assess any possible weight gain or loss in experimental animals compared with control groups. On the 21st day, those administered 100 mg/kg of Lonal showed more promising results with regard to fasting blood glucose (FBG), water intake when compared to those treated with other doses. Therefore, 100 mg/kg dose was used for further biochemical studies. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), Alat, Asat, ALP, low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL) levels, on normal and diabetic rats treated with the dose of 100 mg/kg, were evaluated. Results: The flower extract shows a significant (p