Prostate cancer is a prevalent malignant tumor of the male genitourinary system in China, with a persistently elevated incidence rate.Given the insidious onset, propensity for metastasis in advanced stages, and poor efficacy of traditional treatments, new hormone therapies have garnered increasing attention in recent years.A number of clinical studies have demonstrated that second-generation androgen receptor inhibitors (SGARIs), including enzalutamide, apalutamide, darolutamide, and rezvilutamide, can be beneficial in different stages of advanced prostate cancer.Furthermore, their early application has been shown to delay disease progression while maintaining a controlled safety profile.At present, SGARIs have increasingly become the primary therapeutic agents for advanced prostate cancer in various stages.This article reviews the clinical research progress of SGARIs in recent years, with the aim of offering valuable clinical reference for clinicians.

Xuefu zhuyu decoction is a classic formula for promoting blood circulation and resolving blood stasis， characterised by its remarkable ability to treat different diseases with the same approach. Qi stagnation and blood stasis， the primary syndrome for which this formula is indicated， has been found through modern medical research to be intrinsically linked to a wide range of pathophysiological processes， including microcirculatory disorders， abnormalities in hemorheology， inflammatory responses and endothelial dysfunction； which opens up vast scope for the innovative application of traditional formulas. In terms of pharmacological effect and mechanism， the formula exerts a synergistic regulatory effect across multiple key pathological pathways， including the regulation of coagulation function， the maintenance of vascular structure and function， anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions， the mitigation of oxidative stress， and the modulation of programmed cell death （such as pyroptosis and ferroptosis）. This systematically demonstrates its scientific rationale， which is based on integrated regulation through multiple constituents， multiple targets and multiple pathways. In terms of clinical application， the formula has expanded from cardiovascular diseases to multiple disciplines， including gastroenterology， respiratory medicine， urology， neurology， endocrinology， gynaecology and andrology， with evidence-based medical evidence continuing to accumulate. Current research still faces bottlenecks such as a relatively low level of clinical evidence， insufficient systems biology analysis of the mechanisms underlying the compound’s formulation， and a weak correlation between quality control indicators and therapeutic efficacy. Future efforts should focus on conducting multicentre randomised controlled trials for conditions where the formula demonstrates particular efficacy， deepening research into the relationship between integrated pharmacology and spectrum-efficacy relationship， and promoting the precise application and formulation innovation of classical herbal formulas.

Xuefu zhuyu decoction is a classic formula for promoting blood circulation and resolving blood stasis， characterised by its remarkable ability to treat different diseases with the same approach. Qi stagnation and blood stasis， the primary syndrome for which this formula is indicated， has been found through modern medical research to be intrinsically linked to a wide range of pathophysiological processes， including microcirculatory disorders， abnormalities in hemorheology， inflammatory responses and endothelial dysfunction； which opens up vast scope for the innovative application of traditional formulas. In terms of pharmacological effect and mechanism， the formula exerts a synergistic regulatory effect across multiple key pathological pathways， including the regulation of coagulation function， the maintenance of vascular structure and function， anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions， the mitigation of oxidative stress， and the modulation of programmed cell death （such as pyroptosis and ferroptosis）. This systematically demonstrates its scientific rationale， which is based on integrated regulation through multiple constituents， multiple targets and multiple pathways. In terms of clinical application， the formula has expanded from cardiovascular diseases to multiple disciplines， including gastroenterology， respiratory medicine， urology， neurology， endocrinology， gynaecology and andrology， with evidence-based medical evidence continuing to accumulate. Current research still faces bottlenecks such as a relatively low level of clinical evidence， insufficient systems biology analysis of the mechanisms underlying the compound’s formulation， and a weak correlation between quality control indicators and therapeutic efficacy. Future efforts should focus on conducting multicentre randomised controlled trials for conditions where the formula demonstrates particular efficacy， deepening research into the relationship between integrated pharmacology and spectrum-efficacy relationship， and promoting the precise application and formulation innovation of classical herbal formulas.

PANoptosis is a newly recognized form of inflammatory programmed cell death(PCD)that involves key molecular features of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, rather than a simple combination of these pathways. It is characterized primarily by loss of plasma membrane integrity and the subsequent release of inflammatory cytokines and damage-associated molecular patterns, thereby contributing to immune regulation and tissue injury. Previous studies have mainly focused on the roles of PANoptosis in cancer, infectious diseases, and inflammatory disorders, while research on its application in ocular diseases is still relatively limited. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding PANoptosis in ocular diseases, including glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and keratitis, and may provide a reference for further investigation into its potential roles and underlying mechanisms.

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of the breakthrough cases of mumps in Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province from 2018 to 2023, so as to provide insights into improving prevention and control measures for mumps. Methods: Data of mumps cases and mumps containing vaccine (MuCV) vaccination in Ningbo City from 2018 to 2023 were collected through the Infectious Disease Reporting Information System of Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System and Zhejiang Immunization Planning Information System. The population distribution characteristics and MuCV immunization history of mumps breakthrough cases were described. The impacts of the final immunization age and immunization interval on the age of onset were analyzed. Results: A total of 6 643 mumps cases were reported in Ningbo City from 2018 to 2023, with an average incidence rate of 11.72/105. There were 5 142 breakthrough cases (77.40%), including 3 173 males (61.71%) and 1 969 females (38.29%). The median age of onset was 6.00 (interquartile range, 4.00) years. There were 2 487 cases in preschool children (48.37%) and 2 232 cases in students (43.41%). There were 4 736 one-dose breakthrough cases (92.10%) and 406 two-dose breakthrough cases (7.90%). The proportion of two-dose breakthrough cases among all mumps cases increased from 1.00% in 2018 to 25.32% in 2023. Among individuals born after December 2018, the median age of onset of two-dose breakthrough cases was 3.00 (interquartile range, 1.00) years, which was older than that of one-dose breakthrough cases at 1.00 (interquartile range, 2.00) year (P<0.05). The ages of onset of mumps breakthrough cases differed significantly with varying final immunization ages and immunization intervals (both P<0.05). Conclusions The breakthrough cases of mumps in Ningbo City from 2018 to 2023 were mainly males, preschool children and students. The proportion of two-dose breakthrough cases increased, and the age of onset delayed.

Prostate cancer(PCa)is the most common malignant tumor of the male urinary and reproductive systems,with its incidence and mortality rates steadily increasing worldwide.Enhancing early detection of PCa and refining surgical treatment methods are crucial for improving cure rates,extending survival,and enhancing quality of life.Prostate biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosing PCa,utilizing approaches such as transrectal,transperineal,and multi-imaging guided fusion-targeted techniques.Surgical intervention is a key treatment modality for PCa,with radical prostatectomy(RP)serving as the gold standard for managing localized disease.This paper reviews recent advancements in surgical techniques for prostate cancer,aiming to provide clinical practitioners with updated guidance.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the independent risk factors for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae （CRKP） infection， develop a nomogram prediction model and validate it. METHODS Clinical data of hospitalized patients infected with CRKP between April 2020 and May 2023 at Kunming First People’s Hospital were retrospectively collected and matched 1∶1 with patients infected with carbapenem-susceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae （CSKP） during the same period as the modeling group. Using the same criteria， data from patients hospitalized and infected with CRKP and matched CSKP between June 2023 and June 2024 were collected as the validation group. Univariate analysis， LASSO regression and multivariate Logistic regression were conducted to identify independent risk factors for CRKP infection and to develop a nomogram prediction model. Internal validation of the model was performed using Bootstrap resampling， and external validation was carried out using the data of validation group. The predictive performance of the model was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curves and calibration plots. RESULTS A total of 530 patients were enrolled， with 372 in the modeling group and 158 in the validation group. Cerebrovascular disease， indwelling gastric tube， mechanical ventilation， exposure to carbapenem antibiotics， and exposure to β-lactamase inhibitor compound agents were identified as independent risk factors for CRKP infection （P＜0.05）. The nomogram predicting CRKP infection risk achieved an area under ROC of 0.729 and 0.803 in internal and external validations， respectively. Calibration curves indicated a high degree of consistency between predicted and observed probabilities. CONCLUSIONS Cerebrovascular disease， indwelling gastric tube， mechanical ventilation， exposure to carbapenem antibiotics， and exposure to β-lactamase inhibitor compound agent are independent risk factors for CRKP infection. The developed nomogram model for predicting CRKP infection risk demonstrates good predictive performance and can aid in the early identification of patients at high risk for CRKP infection.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of different endotracheal tube cuff pressure management modes on cuff sealing and the pressure exerted on the tracheal wall. METHODS: A prospective self-controlled study was conducted. Eleven patients undergoing endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation with an automatic airway management system (AGs) admitted to the Second Medical Centre of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital from October 1, 2020, to April 1, 2022, were enrolled as the study subjects. Within 24 hours after the establishment of artificial airway and mechanical ventilation, four cuff pressure management modes were randomly applied to each patient for 24 hours in sequence: automatic cuff pressure management mode [modeI: the safe range of cuff pressure was set at 20-35 cmH₂O (1 cmH₂O≈0.098 kPa), and the CO₂ pressure above the endotracheal tube cuff was automatically detected by AGs every 5 minutes to determine the cuff sealing status, and the cuff pressure was automatically adjusted], constant cuff pressure (25 cmH₂O) management mode (mode II: the cuff pressure was monitored by AGs through a pressure sensor, and the cuff pressure was maintained at 25 cmH₂O via a pressure pump), constant cuff pressure (30 cmH₂O) management mode (mode III: the cuff pressure was monitored by AGs through a pressure sensor, and the cuff pressure was maintained at 30 cmH₂O via a pressure pump), and manual cuff pressure management mode (mode IV: the cuff pressure was manually measured by nurses every 6-8 hours using a cuff pressure gauge to keep the cuff pressure at 25-30 cmH₂O after inflation). The CO₂ pressure above the endotracheal tube cuff (at 60-minute intervals) and the cuff pressure changes (at 50-ms intervals) were recorded to compare the differences in number of cuff leaks [no leak was defined as CO₂ pressure = 0, small leak as 0 < CO₂ pressure < 2 mmHg (1 mmHg≈0.133 kPa), and large leak as CO₂ pressure ≥ 2 mmHg] and cuff pressure among modesI-IV. RESULTS: A total of 24 CO₂ pressure measurements were taken per patient across the four modes, resulting in a total of 264 detections for each mode. Regarding the cuff leak, the total number of leak and large leak in modeIwas significantly lower than that in modes II-IV [total leak: 30 cases (11.36%) vs. 81 cases (30.68%), 70 cases (26.52%), 103 cases (39.02%); large leak: 15 cases (5.68%) vs. 50 cases (18.94%), 48 cases (18.18%), 66 cases (25.00%), all P < 0.05]. There was no significant difference in the number of cuff leak between modes II and III, and mode IV had the most severe cuff leak. In terms of cuff pressure, since mode IV required blocking the cuff tube from the AGs tube and the AGs cuff pressure management module did not actually work, real-time monitoring of cuff pressure was not possible. Therefore, cuff pressure changes were only analyzed in modes I-III. Each of the 11 patients underwent 24-hour cuff pressure monitoring under modes I-III, with 19 008 000 monitoring times for each mode. The cuff pressure in mode I was between that in modes II and III [cmH₂O: 27.09 (26.10, 28.14) vs. 26.60 (25.92, 27.47), 31.01 (30.33, 31.88), both P < 0.01]. Moreover, the number of extreme values of cuff pressure > 50 cmH₂O in mode I was significantly lower than that in modes II and III [19 900 cases (0.105%) vs. 22 297 cases (0.117%), 27 618 cases (0.145%), both P < 0.05]. CONCLUSION Dynamically monitoring the CO₂ pressure above the cuff to guide the adjustment of endotracheal tube cuff pressure can achieve better cuff sealing with a relatively lower cuff pressure load.
Humans ; Intubation, Intratracheal/instrumentation* ; Pressure ; Prospective Studies ; Respiration, Artificial ; Male ; Airway Management/methods* ; Female ; Middle Aged

Background Staff in biosafety laboratories (BSL) are more likely to experience occupational burnout and other psychological issues due to their unique working environment and high job demands. However, current research in this field tends to focus on overall analyses, overlooking the internal differences within this group. Objective To explore latent profiles of occupational burnout among BSL workers and their influencing factors, providing a reference for targeted burnout interventions. Methods In 2022, cluster random sampling was used to select 8023 BSL workers in Xinjiang. Data were collected via a questionnaire survey, including a self-designed general information questionnaire, the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS), and the Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) scale, to analyze demographic characteristics, occupational burnout, and job stress status. After data cleaning, latent profile analysis (LPA) was applied to identify burnout profiles, followed by K-means clustering for verification. Logistic regression was used to analyze influencing factors with burnout profiles as the dependent variable. Results After excluding invalid questionnaires, 7924 valid questionnaires were retained, with an recovery rate of 98.77%. The LPA results indicated that occupational burnout among BSL staff was categorized into three latent profiles: a low burnout profile (2208 individuals, 27.86%), a moderate burnout profile (4636 individuals, 58.51%), and a high burnout profile (1080 individuals, 13.63%). A similar grouping was derived from K-means clustering analysis (28.71%, 53.37%, and 17.92%), and a Sankey diagram demonstrated significant overlap between the two classification results. Statistically significant differences were observed across the three latent profiles in all three dimensions of burnout: emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced personal accomplishment. The final logistic regression model revealed that the influencing factors exhibited characteristics of partial overlap and partial differentiation. Among the common influencing factors, the shared protective factors included: age ≥50 years (OR_{moderate burnout}=0.42, OR_{high burnout}=0.45), monthly income of 4000-6000 RMB (OR_{moderate burnout}=0.83, OR_{high burnout}=0.71), good sleep quality (OR_{moderate burnout}=0.70, OR_{high burnout}=0.13) and very good sleep quality (OR_{moderate burnout}=0.51, OR_{high burnout}=0.12), and engaging in physical exercise ≥5 times per week (OR_{moderate burnout}=0.74, OR_{high burnout}=0.48). The protective effects were more pronounced for the high burnout profile. The common risk factors included: 21–30 years of service (OR_{moderate burnout}=1.38, OR_{high burnout}=3.00), ≥31 years of service (OR_{moderate burnout}=1.47, OR_{high burnout}=3.39), working in "other positions" (OR_{moderate burnout}=1.46, OR_{high burnout}=1.56), and occupational stress (ERI>1) (OR_{moderate burnout}=2.62, OR_{high burnout}=3.25), with the risk effects being more significant for the high burnout profile. Regarding differentiated influencing factors, protective factors exclusively associated with the moderate burnout profile included having an associate degree (OR=0.70) and engaging in physical exercise 3-4 times per week (OR=0.74). For the high burnout profile, exclusive protective factors included age 40-50 years (OR=0.56), while exclusive risk factors included having a senior professional title (OR=1.85), holding a managerial role (OR=1.78), a high number of night shifts per month (OR=2.66), and a very high number of night shifts per month (OR=3.93). Conclusion BSL workers exhibit three distinct latent burnout profiles. Occupational burnout requires greater attention, and targeted prevention and intervention strategies should be developed based on worker subtypes.

Objective To explore the clinical value of complement 1q(C1q),mannose-binding lectin(MBL)and complement 5a(C5a)in the early diagnosis and disease monitoring of diabetic kidney disease(DKD),as well as their relationship with renal tubular injury.Methods A total of 232 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus admitted to the Endocrinology Department of Kailuan General Hospital from December 2020 to December 2021 were selected in this study.Patients were divided into the simple diabetes mellitus(SDM)group(n=50)and the DKD group(n=182)based on urinary albumin/creatinine ratio(UACR)and estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR).The DKD group was further divided into the low-risk diabetic nephropathy(LDKD)group(n=90),the moderate-risk diabetic nephropathy(MDKD)group(n=55)and the high-risk diabetic nephropathy(HDKD)group(n=37)according to the risk of chronic kidney disease progression.Forty healthy individuals who underwent physical examinations in our hospital during the same period were selected as the healthy control group(NC group).The DKD group was divided into the Q1-Q4 groups based on the quartile levels of NAG/Ucr according to the severity of renal tubular injury from mild to severe.General biochemical indicators,as well as the levels of C1q,MBL and C5a in each group were detected.Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between C1q,MBL,C5a and glomerular and tubular injury indexes.Multivariate ordinal Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of the progression risk of DKD and the degree of renal tubular injury.Results The levels of systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,triglycerides(TG),serum creatinine(Scr),uric acid(UA),UACR,NAG/Ucr,C1q,MBL and C5a were higher in the DKD group than those in the SDM group and the NC group.The levels of TC,LDL-C,ApoB and HbA1c were higher than those in the NC group,while the level of HDL-C was lower than that in the NC group.The levels of TC,LDL-C,HbA1c and NAG/Ucr were higher in the SDM group than those in the NC group,while the level of HDL-C was lower than that in the NC group(P＜0.05).Among different progression risk groups of DKD,the levels of C1q were higher in the HDKD group than those in the SDM group and the LDKD group.The levels of MBL and C5a were higher in the MDKD group than those in the SDM group and the LDKD group,and the level of MBL was higher in the LDKD group than that in the SDM group(P＜0.05).After grouping according to the quartile levels of NAG/Ucr,the levels of TC,ApoB,HbA1c,Scr,UACR,C1q and C5a were significantly higher in the Q4 group than those in the Q1 group.The levels of TC,ApoB,Scr,UACR,C1q and C5a were significantly higher than those in the Q2 group,and the levels of UACR and C5a were significantly higher than those in the Q3 group.The levels of HbA1c,Scr,UACR,C1q and C5a were significantly higher in the Q3 group than those in the Q1 group.The level of UACR was higher in the Q2 group than that in the Q1 group(all P＜0.05).The Spearman correlation analysis showed that C1q,MBL and C5a were positively correlated with UACR and NAG/Ucr,and negatively correlated with eGFR(all P＜0.05).The ordinal Logistic regression analysis showed that elevated levels of MBL,C5a,NAG/Ucr,Scr and systolic blood pressure were independent influencing factors of progression risk in DKD patients.Elevated levels of C5a,HbA1c and UACR were independent influencing factors of renal tubular injury in DKD patients.Conclusion C1q and C5a can be used to monitor middle and late DKD and tubular injury,and C5a is an independent risk factor for DKD progression and tubular injury.MBL can be used to screen for early DKD and is also an independent risk factor for its progression.