As one of traditional local treatments,photodynamic therapy(PDT)has mainly been used for the local eradicate and palliative treatment of malignant tumors.However,in recent years,more and more evidence has revealed a role of PDT in anti-tumor immunity,which attacked attention from researchers again.PDT can induce the immunogenic death of tumor cells as well as activation of both innate and adaptive immune systems,resulting in the enhancement of immune response against tumors.This article reviewed the advances regarding PDT and tumor immunity,aiming to systematically clarify the role of PDT in anti-tumor immunity and its potential applications in immunotherapy.

As one of traditional local treatments,photodynamic therapy(PDT)has mainly been used for the local eradicate and palliative treatment of malignant tumors.However,in recent years,more and more evidence has revealed a role of PDT in anti-tumor immunity,which attacked attention from researchers again.PDT can induce the immunogenic death of tumor cells as well as activation of both innate and adaptive immune systems,resulting in the enhancement of immune response against tumors.This article reviewed the advances regarding PDT and tumor immunity,aiming to systematically clarify the role of PDT in anti-tumor immunity and its potential applications in immunotherapy.

Abnormal FGFR signaling has been found in a variety of cancers. The abnormal FGFR signaling is involved in several processes of tumorigenesis which include cell survival, proliferation, inflammation, migration, angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and drug resistance. Therefore, FGFR is a very promising target for the treatment of tumors. More and more FGFR inhibitors have been developed for preclinical and clinical trials, and some FGFR inhibitors have been used in clinical applications. However, the problems such as acquired resistance and systemic toxicity have hindered the application of FGFR inhibitors. This paper reviews the clinical application of common FGFR inhibitors and summarizes the problems and solutions in their application.

Pyroptosis is a form of new programmed cell death which is dependent on Caspase-1 in recent years.When it' s stimulated by various dangerous signals from hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury,the intracellular pattern recognition receptors are assembled into inflammasomes and Caspase-1 which was transformed into active form.Activated Caspase-1 promotes the maturation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18,initiates the innate immunity rapidly and then induces severe inflammatory reaction.In addition,Caspase-1 can also cleave Gasdermin D and release its N-terminal domain triggering pyroptosis.Many studies showed that pyroptosis play a crucial role in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury.In this review,we discussed the activation mechanism and research progress of pyroptosis in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Shortage of donors is a major obstacle for liver transplantation.Lee innovated dual graft living donor liver transplantation in 2001,obtained graft from two donors,and it was conducted in various parts of the world.At present,South Korea has the biggest numbers in operation,China,Japan,and Germany.Turkey,Romania,and other countries are relatively less;current clinical liver donor liver transplantation is mainly based on single graft living donor liver transplantation,and in some complicated cases,single graft liver transplantation cannot be completed due to various factors,at this situation dual grafts living donor liver transplantation can complete the treatment.Although dual donor liver transplantation can only be carried out in a few areas due to complex surgical procedures,it can enrich the treatment of liver transplantation and promotes the development of liver transplantation.

The anoikis resistance confers the ability of cancer cells to survive and metastasize in the blood circulation without adhesion,but its effect and mechanism in intrahepatic and distant metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma has not been fully elucidated.Recent studies have shown that certain factors or drugs may inhibit anoikis of hepatoma cells through some signaling pathways.These signaling pathways are not completely separated,they are interconnected to promote metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma.Liver is the metabolic center of many substances,and many related factors can promote metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma through inhibiting anoikis.In this review,we summarized the signaling pathways of anoikis resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an irreplaceable measure with minimally invasive diagnosis and treatment of endoscopy for biliary and pancreatic diseases, but the related complications associated with ERCP are the highest among the endoscopic procedures. Post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) is one of the most common complications with life-threatening in severe cases. Early active prevention can effectively reduce the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis. At present, measures including preoperative rectal non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and prophylactic pancreatic stent placement, have definite effective strategy in clinic. Aggressive hydration with lactated Ringer's solution is also a safe and effective way to prevent PEP.
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Incidence ; Pancreatitis ; etiology ; Risk Factors ; Stents

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a common autoimmune liver disease,and the diversity of its treatment methods has been hotly discussed by scholars in various countries.As the best treatment,end-stage liver transplantation (LT),due to the related diseases,such as postoperative complications greatly limits its wide application in clinical practice.Early assessment and intervention can reduce the risk of concomitant disease and reduce the occurrence of postoperative complications.In this paper,the status of LT indications,timing and related disease management,postoperative complications and other aspects of PSC patients were reviewed.

Primary liver cancer is one of the most malignant tumor in the worldwide.5 years recurrence rate of patients in the early phase is exceeding 70％.Recurrence of HCC is one of the vital factors leading to adverse outcomes.Researchers found that characteristics of tumors,such as tumor size,differentiation and vascular invasion;operation aspect,such as surgical margin width,surgical approach,intraoperative bleeding and transfusion;patient-self and liver transplantation related factors,such as liver disease,donor's age,hepatitis B virus infection of recipient can affect the postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma.We summarized the influence factors of postoperative recurrence of HCC via literature review.

Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant tumor originating from bile duct epithelial cells, among which hilar cholangiocarcinoma is the most common, accounting for about 58％-70％ of cholangiocarcinoma. Due to its atypical clinical features, special anatomical site, low radical resection rate, high recurrence rate and poor prognosis, the 5-year survival rate of hilar cholangiocarcinoma was only 14.7％-33.8％. Hence, the most effective method of hilar cholangiocarcinoma lies in early diagnosis and radical resection. Good perioperative management can improve the rate of radical resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma and contribute a lot to prognosis of the patients. The perioperative management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma is described as follows.