Background: Leptopyrum fumarioides (L.) Reichenb a relatively widely distributed annual herbaceous plant belonging to the Ranunculaceae family, grows predominantly in the dry steppe regions of Mongolia. In recent years, the global use of traditional medicine and natural products has increased substantially. In this context, elemental studies of medicinal plants including macroelements, microelements, and heavy metals provide a fundamental scientific basis for evaluating their nutritional value, therapeutic efficacy, safety, and standardization. Therefore, the investigation of the elemental composition of Leptopyrum fumarioides (L.) Reichenb is of significant importance as a foundational study supporting its medicinal application. Aim: To investigate the chemical elements, present in Leptopyrum fumarioides (L.) Reichenb. Objectives: 1. To prepare plant samples and determine the contents of aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, iron oxides, and calcium oxide in the plant material. 2. To identify and quantify the mineral elements present in the plant material. 3. To investigate the heavy metals in the plant material. Materials and Methods: Leptopyrum fumarioides (L.) Reichenb were collected from Altanbulag soum, Töv Province, Mongolia, during the flowering stage in June 2023. The collected plant materials were air dried in accordance with standard procedures and used for analysis. The quantitative contents of macroelements, microelements, and ultra-trace elements in the plant were determined using high precision X ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. Result: In the raw plant material of Leptopyrum fumarioides (L.) Reichenb, the silicon dioxide (SiO₂) content was 15.99%, which increased to 33.69% in the extracted residue. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) was present at 0.16% in the raw material and 0.379% in the plant residue. Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) was 3.54% in the raw material and 7.52% in the extracted residue. Iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) was 1.14% in the raw material and 2.51% in the residue. Other oxides, including calcium oxide (CaO), potassium oxide (K₂O), and phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅), remained in the extracts. The concentrations of trace elements in the plant were determined as follows: copper (Cu) 40.5 mg/kg, zinc (Zn) 211 mg/kg, chromium (Cr) 8.5 mg/kg, and nickel (Ni) 8 mg/kg. The levels of Zn (211 mg/kg) and Cu (40.5 mg/kg) were found to be relatively higher compared to those reported in other plant species. Conclusion 1. In the raw plant material of Leptopyrum fumarioides (L.) Reichenb, silicon dioxide (SiO₂) content was 15.99%, increasing to 33.69% in the extracted residue. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) was 0.16% in the raw material and 0.379% in the residue. Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) was 3.54% in the raw material and 7.52% in the extracted residue. Iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) was 1.14% in the raw material and 2.51% in the residue. Other oxides, including calcium oxide (CaO), potassium oxide (K₂O), and phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅), were retained in the extracts. 2. The trace element analysis revealed the following concentrations: copper (Cu) 40.5 mg/kg, zinc (Zn) 211 mg/kg, chromium (Cr) 8.5 mg/kg, and nickel (Ni) 8 mg/kg. The levels of Zn (211 mg/kg) and Cu (40.5 mg/kg) were higher than those typically found in most plants; however, these concentrations are below the threshold considered toxic to plant physiology. Rubidium (Rb) at 49 mg/kg and zirconium (Zr) at 69 mg/kg were also relatively high compared to other elements. This may be related to the ability of Leptopyrum fumarioides (L.) Reichenb to accumulate certain elements when growing in moderately contaminated soils near cultivated fields. 3. Rare earth elements, such as cerium (Ce) and ytterbium (Yb), were found to be below the general concentration range and can be considered within normal limits. Furthermore, the plant contains numerous trace elements that participate in various enzymatic activities and contribute to the components of the blood coagulation system.

Background: Carotid artery stenting is increasingly being selected as the treatment for severe (≥70%) carotid artery stenosis, creating a growing need to prevent potential secondary complications associated with the procedure. In-stent restenosis (ISR) remains an important complication during long-term follow-up after carotid artery stenting. In this clinical case, we have addressed risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of in-stent restenosis. Case Presentation: We describe the case of a 70-year-old man with severe, symptomatic IRS detected 1.8 years after carotid artery stenting (CAS). Conclusion IRS following carotid artery stenting is a clinically significant complication that may adversely affect cerebral perfusion and increase the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke. Early detection and follow-up with carotid duplex ultrasonography, regular follow-up, and lifestyle modifications, particularly smoking cessation, are essential for prevention of adverse cerebrovascular events.

Background: Branch atheromatous disease (BAD) is believed to be one subtype of ischemic stroke brought on by plaque accumulation that obstructs or stenoses the entrance of penetrating branches. Based on clinical status, risk factors, laboratory results, and radiographic features of infarct and blood vessel morphologies, BAD has been differentiated from large-vessel occlusion and small-vessel disease. BAD-induced stroke has been strongly associated with worse outcomes than lacunar strokes, including high rates of early neurological deterioration (END), recurrent transient ischemic attacks and strokes, and disability. Determining treatment options and each patient’s prognosis depends on early identification of BAD. Case Presentation: A 34-year-old male with a history of recurrent acute ischemic stroke within 7 months, caused by stenosis of the M1 segment of the right middle cerebral artery, was hospitalized twice at the Third Central Hospital of Mongolia. Intravenous Thrombolytic therapy (tPA) was administered during each admission. Conclusion Precise diagnosis of BAD is crucial for planning subsequent treatment and secondary prevention.

BACKGROUND Bovine colostrums is the milk secreted by cows during the first few days after parturition. It contains many essential nutrients and bioactive components, including growth factors, immunoglobulins, lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin and cytokines ets. Lactoferrin has been reported for its multifunctional properties such as antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral antioxidant and anticancer activities. The aims of this study focused on the isolation and purification of lactoferrin from Mongolian bovine colostrums. Lactoferrin purified using HiTrap DEAE an ion exchange chromatography. Lactoferrin purification efficiency was about 60.5%. The single band of purified lactoferrin has been observed in SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. METHODS Bovine colostrum was collected at a cow farm in the Darkhan province of Mongolia. At first the cream was separated by centrifugation (10000 xg 20 min at 4oC). In order to separate the whey, the samples were precipitated with 1mol/l to pH 4.6 and centrifuged at 10000 g 20 min again. The samples of whey were stored at -18oC to the analysis. Lactoferrin was purified by HiTrap DEAE an ion exchange chromatography using 0.005 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.7) and linear gradient NaCl from 0.25M, 0.5M, 1M. During chromatography, protein in the eluents was monitored by ultraviolet absorbation at 280 nm with the instrument. Purity test done by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturated condition (SDS-PAGE) method by Laemmli (1970). For HPLC determination of the lactoferrin by Shimadzu Nexera X2 HPLC system with UV/ VIS detector were used. Detection was carried out at the wavelength 280 nm. Separation was performed on a chromatographic column Protein R C18 ,2.2 x 150 mm, 5 μm particle size. Linear gradient and flow rate 0.2 ml/min were used. Mobile phase a consisted of water / acetonitrile/ trifluoroacetic acid ( 95:5:0.1). The column temperature was set at 40oC and injection volume was 10 μl. Data were collected and evaluated by software Lab Solution. An external standard method for quantification analytes was used. RESULTS Purified lactoferrin in the present study had a good concentration and purification efficiency was about 60.5 %. Protein fraction from 1M NaCl gradient delivers sharp and clean peak to HPLC chromatogram that fits intensity and retention time of standard bovine lactoferrin. Ammount of lactoferrin in bovine colostrums was 0.6 mg/ml and it`s molecular weight 80 kDa as a standard sample. The retention time of lactoferrin fraction which is purified by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. The peak of fraction same compared to the standard lactoferrin 5.8 minutes by HPLC analysis. CONCLUSION Ion exchange chromatography shows reliable and easy isolation of lactoferrin from Mongol bovine colostrum.

Introduction Currently nations throughout the world are studying and disseminating their traditional medicine and Mongolians create new trend and attitude of medical care and service besides resuming their great heritage and culture of traditional medicine. World Health Organization recommends countries to develop their traditional medicine linking with modern science of medicine, based on particular surveys and analyses are conducted. However, the basic concept for developing Mongolian traditional medicine have been developed and implemented twice, “Government policy on Mongolian traditional medicine”, studies plan of united theory of traditional and modern medicines in master plan for developing Mongolian science and technology studies plan, “Master Plan for health sector” – the policy renovation for 2006-2015, “The frame of implementing master plan for health sector” (2006 2010) and other documents have been developing and implementing since 1990s but lack of studies on whether effective influences of traditional medicines to which stages and to which clinical symptom of dominated diseases among population and whether the traditional medical care meets with customers’ demand are considered as burning issues in determining the further development of traditional medicine. As well as, there are lots of issues that have not been studied and determined yet as diagnosis of traditional medicine, clinical and preventive guidelines and standards have not been developed, have not been involved in united system of health information, structural and operational management of institutions that hold traditional medical care and demands of medical care and professional staffs of traditional medicine. Aim of the study: To study and evaluate the current situation of Mongolian traditional medicine as well as determine trends in future. Purposes of the study: 1. To study the historical periods of the development of Mongolian traditional medicine that have been 01/01 developed since 1921 when health sector initiated in Mongolia. 2. To study Mongolian traditional medical service service by health care levels. 3. To study and to determine the human resource demand and capacity of medical care of traditional medicine. 4. To develop the management model of showing medical care of traditional medicine and health systems based on coherences of western and oriental medicines. Materials and methods This study observed the population criteria of patients who were treated in hospitals, hospital service levels, methods of diagnosis and treatment, common diagnose causes, types of treatment and the results of treatment in order to study the implementation of hospital service of Mongolian Traditional Medicine. The study was conducted in 3 different levels of hospitals: as a primary level hospital Umnudelger soum hospital, Khentii aimag /province/ was chosen, as a secondary level hospital we selected Center for Traditional Medicine of Khentii province, as a tertiary level hospital we chose the clinical hospital of Traditional Medicine, Science, Technology and Production Corporation (CHTMCST). We investigated aid and service information of Traditional Medicine obtained from 952 histories of patients who were treated in hospitals in 2006 and 2007. Analysis was made on policy documents by using analyzing and integrating related document. The study data were developed by making descriptive analysis on digital information, raising related hypothesis, checking it with statistical tests and processing in results. Research data was processed by Microsoft Excel 2007, statistical data was performed by SPSS-12.0 program and descriptive analysis was performed in quantitative information. Result By concluding the activities organized and implemented nationally on the field of traditional medicine for the period since 1921 when health system in Mongolia initiated, it could be considered to divide into stages as, beginning period of developing Mongolian traditional medicine in coexistence with modern health science (1921-1930), deprived period of Mongolian traditional medicine from national service (1930-1958), restoring period of developing Mongolian traditional medicine (1959-1999) and the ensured period of Mongolian traditional medicine as a composition of health science system (1999 up now). It was determined that the percentage of female patients is more than twice (2.3) higher (63.7%) in contrast with male patients (30.1) in all three-level hospital aid. It means in each level of three level hospitals female patients were more in number. Surprisingly, 80.9% of the patients’ age was over 35 and from them 44.7% was at their pension age. This age group is rapidly predominant compared with others. In chosen hospitals patients with diseases and disorders of digestive, urinary-genital, nervous and blood circulation systems are cured commonly. In three-level hospitals examining patients using methods of traditional medicine was differed (p=0.01). In doubled number, 401 or 42.1% of doctors combines both modern and traditional methods of treatment (95% trust limit 42.1+0.017). We investigated if types of treatment depend on the level of hospitals in urban and rural areas by x 2 criteria and concluded that it had statistical significance or the percentage of treatment types went up if the level increased (p