Background: Although the prevalence of complete edentulism has decreased over the past decade, there are significant regional differences. For example, among adults aged 15 and older in the United States, the prevalence of complete edentulism is 4.9%, while in China, approximately one in four elderly individuals is completely edentulous. The primary treatment for this condition is complete dentures. Over the past ten years, the use of digital technology for fabricating complete dentures has increased substantially, prompting comparative studies between conventionally fabricated and digitally fabricated complete dentures. Aim: To compare the initial fit of complete maxillary dentures fabricated using digital and conventional methods, and to evaluate the dimensional changes after one month of denture use. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted based on the decision No. 24-25/05-02 of the Research Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. The study was carried out at the School of Dentistry, specifically in the Department of Prosthodontics and the Digital Technology Laboratory. A total of 30 complete dentures-15 fabricated digitally and 15 fabricated using conventional methods-were made for 15 patients with complete edentulism. Each denture was used for a period of one month, after which denture retention was re-evaluated using a force gauge (AMF500). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.0, and differences were considered significant at p<0.05. Result: To compare the differences between digital and conventional methods at baseline, the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test was performed. The results showed a statistically significant difference (Z=-2.045, p=0.041, p<0.05). At the one-month follow-up, the Friedman test revealed a significant difference among the four groups (χ²(3)=11.40, p=0.01). Pairwise comparisons using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test indicated that retention of conventional complete dentures at one month was significantly different (Z=-2.803, p=0.005), and retention of CAD/CAM-fabricated complete dentures at one month was also significantly different (Z=-2.497, p=0.013). However, comparison of baseline and one-month retention between CAD/CAM and conventional dentures showed no statistically significant difference (p=0.059). Conclusion At baseline, retention of conventional complete dentures was statistically higher compared to CAD/CAM-fabricated dentures. At the one-month follow-up, retention improved for both conventional and digital dentures.

Background: Currently, dental impressions are captured using both conventional and digital methods. Numerous studies worldwide have assessed conventional impression techniques in both clinical and in vitro settings. While most studies have evaluated the factors affecting error rates during impression taking, few have examined error rates by impression material type. Proper evaluation of working models and clarification of the causes of impression errors and the factors influencing them form the basis for effective restoration of patients’ oral health. In appliance fabrication, the material properties, technology, and techniques used directly influence the final outcome. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the causes of impression errors and the related factors that have not been fully investigated in previous studies, including impression-taking technique, impression material type, the size of the area requiring restoration, and other related factors. Aim: To investigate the factors influencing clinical errors in working models used in fixed prosthodontics. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted from May 2025 to November 2025 and included 80 working models prepared for fixed prosthesis fabrication. The models were collected from the Central Hospital Laboratory of the MNUMS School of Dentistry, Changed Goods Dental Laboratory, and Suld Dental Laboratory in Ulaanbaatar. After disinfection and drying, the models were analyzed using a Model MD-ID0400 digital 3D scanner to evaluate factors potentially contributing to impression errors. Result: Of the 80 cases included in the study, 67.5% (n=54) were male and 32.5% (n=26) were female, with a mean age of 35.2±3.5 years. Data were collected from working models prepared from impressions submitted by dental clinics for fixed dental restorations and evaluated digitally. All impressions were made using addition silicone impression material. The mean number of working models presenting impression errors among the received cases was 8.00±3.53. Conclusion 1. In the practice of dentistry, the impact of material properties on the quality of the material is not enough to make better impressions of the teeth without additional silicone. The total number of impressions taken was 8.00±3.53. 2. The error rate of the impression taking method was 7.78±3.9 in one stage and 8.03±3.51 in two stages (p<0.843).

Background: Arterial hypertension (AH) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with both genetic and environmental factors contributing to its development. The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been investigated as a potential genetic determinant of hypertension; however, evidence in the Mongolian population remains limited. Aim: To determine the distribution of the ACE gene I/D polymorphism and investigate its association with arterial hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors in a Mongolian population. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted between October 2018 and November 2019. A total of 150 participants aged 20–64 years were included, comprising 100 patients with AH and 50 normotensive controls. AH was defined as blood pressure ≥130/80 mmHg or current use of antihypertensive medication. Cardiovascular risk factors were assessed using questionnaires and physical examination. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes, and the ACE I/D polymorphism in intron 16 was determined using a two-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Associations between ACE genotypes and AH were assessed using the chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: Among the 150 participants, 64 (42.7%) were male, and the mean age was 44.2±11.7 years. The frequencies of the II, ID, and DD genotypes were 44.0%, 39.3%, and 16.7%, respectively. No significant difference in genotype distribution was observed between males and females. The frequencies of ID, DD, and II genotypes in the hypertensive and control groups were 39.0% vs. 40.0% (p=0.906), 14.0% vs. 22.0% (p=0.215), and 47.0% vs. 38.0% (p=0.295), respectively. The D-allele frequency was 0.33 in the hypertensive group and 0.42 in the control group, with no statistically significant difference. Participants with AH were older and had significantly higher body mass index, waist circumference, salt intake, alcohol consumption, and blood pressure compared with controls. Conclusion 1. The I allele of the ACE gene was predominant in the studied Mongolian population. 2. Neither the ACE I/D genotype nor the D allele was significantly associated with arterial hypertension. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors, including older age, excess body weight, abdominal obesity, high salt intake, and inappropriate alcohol consumption, showed stronger associations with hypertension in this population.

Background: In the field of oral and maxillofacial prosthetics, implant-supported or tooth-supported prostheses have been proven to be an effective treatment option for patients with partial edentulism. However, complete dentures remain the sole treatment option for fully edentulous patients. Over the past decade, the use of CAD/CAM technology for fabricating complete dentures has increased substantially, leading to a growing number of studies comparing conventional complete dentures with those produced using CAD/CAM. In our country, however, there is a scarcity of research comparing the retention of maxillary complete dentures fabricated by conventional and CAD/CAM methods. Aim: To compare the retention of maxillary complete dentures fabricated by CAD/CAM and conventional methods. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using a clinical trial design. The research was carried out at the Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS), utilizing the Digital Technology Laboratory. The retention of 15 maxillary complete dentures fabricated by CAD/CAM and conventional methods was measured using a force gauge (AMF500). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.0, and differences were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. Result: The mean retention of maxillary complete dentures fabricated by the conventional method (8.85±9.10N) was higher than that of dentures fabricated by the CAD/CAM method (4.95±2.57N). To assess the difference between the two fabrication methods, the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was performed. The results showed Z=-2.045, p=0.041 (p<0.05), indicating that the retention of conventional dentures was statistically significantly higher than that of CAD/CAM dentures. Conclusion The retention of maxillary complete dentures fabricated by the conventional method was statistically significantly higher than that of dentures fabricated by the CAD/CAM method.

Background: Erysipelas is an acute, recurrent infectious disease caused by Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus. Recurrence occurs in 12–29% of patients, and complications in approximately 31%. International studies indicate that age, sex, and skin conditions are key factors influencing complications and recurrence. In Mongolia, the incidence of erysipelas has not steadily declined, and there is a lack of studies investigating clinical and laboratory predictors of complications and recurrence. Aim:: This study aimed to investigate clinical and laboratory predictors of complications and recurrence among erysipelas cases registered in Mongolia. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study design was employed. A total of 165 patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of erysipelas at the National Center for Communicable Diseases between 2020 and 2024 were randomly selected. Data were collected based on the “Clinical Guidelines for Erysipelas.” Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS-26, and ROC curve analysis along with regression models were used to determine risk and predictive factors. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of participants was 50.4±14.2 years; 76.5% were female, and 32.1% were herders. Recurrence was observed in 55.1% of patients (42.8% repeated episodes, 57.2% recurrent cases), and complications occurred in 10.3%. Among patients with complications, lesions were most commonly located on the face (41.2%) and predominantly presented as erythematous-bullous forms (70.6%). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was 7.1 (AUC: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.79–0.91, p=0.001), and the systemic inflammatory response index was 3.9 (AUC: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.88–0.98, p=0.001), indicating high levels. Multivariable regression analysis showed that risk factors for complications included age >45 years (aOR=1.8, 95% CI: 1.2–2.7, p=0.004), female sex (aOR=2.8, 95% CI: 1.7–4.6, p=0.001), and occupation (herder) (aOR=2.6, 95% CI: 1.3–5.4, p=0.001). Chronic tonsillitis was significantly associated with recurrence (OR=3.8, 95% CI: 2.5–5.7, p=0.001). Cox regression analysis demonstrated that each additional year of age increased the risk of complications by 2% (HR=1.02, 95% CI: 1.01–1.03, p=0.003), while the presence of chronic tonsillitis increased the risk of recurrence by 7.69 times (HR=7.69, 95% CI: 5.15–11.49, p=0.001). Conclusion Cellular ratio indicators in erysipelas are useful for assessing inflammatory activity and disease progression. Age, sex, occupation, and the presence of chronic tonsillitis significantly influence the risk of complications and recurrence in erysipelas.

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne infectious disease that, if left untreated, can lead to chronic infection, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In Mongolia, the prevalence of HCV is relatively high, posing significant public health concerns. In alignment with the global goal to eliminate hepatitis B and C by 2030, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence, genotype distribution, and associated risk factors of HCV infection among the general population in Arkhangai province, Mongolia. Aim: To determine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among the relatively healthy population of Arkhangai Province and to study its genotypes and risk factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted using a two-stage sampling method, enrolling 2,304 individuals aged 0–80 years. Participants completed a structured questionnaire, and blood samples were collected for anti-HCV and HBsAg testing using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at the central laboratory of the provincial hospital. Serum from anti-HCV positive individuals was preserved at –80°C and transported to Ulaanbaatar for HCV RNA quantification via real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and genotyping through molecular diagnostics. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 26.0. Results: A total of 2,304 individuals from the provincial center and 8 soums participated in the study, of whom 57.8% were female. The overall HCV seroprevalence was 12.0%, with chronic HCV infection confirmed in 7.16%. Among patients with chronic HCV, genotype 1b was identified in 98.2% of cases. Risk factor analysis revealed statistically significant associations between HCV infection and undergoing cosmetic procedures, receiving injections in non-medical settings, cupping therapy, and sharing shaving equipment. Conclusion This study HCV seroprevalence of 12.0% among the relatively healthy population in Arkhangai province, with genotype 1b detected in 98.2% of chronic HCV cases. The following risk factors were found to be independently associated with HCV infection: undergoing cosmetic procedures (OR: 2.3), cupping therapy (OR: 1.7), receiving nonmedical injections (OR: 2.4), and sharing shaving tools (OR: 1.5) (p<0.001)

Background: Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a major global health concern. Approximately 55–85% of individuals with acute HCV infection progress to chronic disease, which is often asymptomatic. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term complications. This provided the rationale for our study to evaluate the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment outcomes of chronic HCV patients using direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), with comparisons by viral genotype. Aim: To compare the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment outcomes of chronic hepatitis C according to viral genotypes. Materials and Methods: A total of 1203 chronic HCV patients attending the outpatient department of Arkhangai Provincial General Hospital were included in this prospective and retrospective cohort study. HCV genotyping was performed, and patients received DAA therapy. Clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, HCV RNA levels, and fibrosis scores (APRI and FIB-4) were assessed at baseline, at week 4 of treatment, and at 12 weeks post-treatment. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26.0. Results: : Among all patients, 6.7% had liver cirrhosis, and 1.4% had previously received interferon-based therapy. Patients with cirrhosis more frequently reported fatigue, abdominal discomfort, insomnia, right upper quadrant pain and loss of appetite (p<0.001). Virologic response at week 4 was 98.9%, and sustained virologic response at 12 weeks post-treatment was 99.3%. The mean APRI score decreased from 0.71±0.67 to 0.31±0.54, and FIB-4 from 1.61±0.41 to 1.16±0.26 (p<0.001). The most common adverse events were fatigue, headache, and nausea. Conclusion Treatment outcomes were 99.5% in patients with genotype 1b, 100% in genotype 1a, and 75% in genotype 2, with statistically significant differences (p<0.001). Both APRI and FIB-4 scores significantly decreased after treatment, confirming the effectiveness of DAA therapy in improving liver fibrosis (p<0.001).

Introduction: The treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections has become a pressing problem for humanity worldwide, and antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections are likely to be the leading cause of death by 2050.Due to the mutation of infectious disease-causing bacteria and the emergence of bacterial resistance due to the improper use of antibiotics, the time and cost of infectious disease treatment increases, and in some cases, it leads to an increase in mortality, so it is the focus of the health sector in every country, regardless of the income level of the population. In addition, bacterial resistance has a negative impact on public health, food safety, the environment, and the economy.
As of 2015, Mongolia ranks among the countries with the highest consumption of antibiotics in the world, with 64.41 units of antibiotics prescribed per 1,000 people per day. Bacteria resistant to broad spectrum antibiotics have increased dramatically, and among Gram-positive bacteria, drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become one of the most common and dangerous cause Purpose: Determine the external structure of liposome-encapsulated antibiotics and evaluate their antibacterial activity. Materials and Methods: We conducted this study using an experimental research design. Phospholipids were isolated by intermittent evaporation, antibiotic encapsulation by freeze-thaw method, and antibiotic sensitivity was determined using standard strains by disc diffusion andmicro dilution method. Research ethics: Permission to submit the survey was granted by the Ethics Review Committee of the MNUMS. The survey was granted in accordance with the rules and regulations. Results: In liposome-encapsulated antibiotic sensitivity assays, azithromycin and clarithromycin did not form sacred circles, whereas doxycycline hyclate was sensitive by forming a 16 mm circle. Doxycycline hyclate encapsulated in liposomes formed a 16 mm circle with sensitive results, whereas blank liposomes were inactive. When the rabbits were infected with a standard strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, the infected area was purulent 24 hours later. A cream containing antibiotics was started at this time. A deep wound was recovered after 12 days after the pus was removed. Nevertheless, after 24 days, the wound on the rabbit’s infected part healed and the hair on the scraped part grew back. Conclusion According to the dilution method, liposome-encapsulated doxycycline hyclate inhibited bacterial growth at 2-fold lower doses than pure doxycycline hyclate. In experimental animal models, liposome-based antibiotic ointment has shown antibacterial activity.

Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence and mortality per 100,000 population in Mongolia is the highest in the world. The individual’s genetic factors and new genetic changes are considered an important effect on the origin and development cancer. We aimed to investigate whether p53R72P polymorphisms were associated with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Mongolian patients. Material and Method: p53R72P polymorphisms were evaluated in 80 controls and 38 HCC cases using a PCRrestriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Results: The mean age was 58.5±13.6 years in the case group and 63.2±8.1 years in the control group. Hepatocellular carcinoma is most common in 50-59 (n=14, 36.8%) and 60-69 (n=14, 36.8%) ages. Of the HCC group, 4 (10.8%) were diagnosed with tumor at stage II, 23 (62.2%) at stage III, and 11 (27%) at stage IV.
The results revealed that the heterozygous (Arg/Pro (PR)) genotype of p53R72P increased statistically significant the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (OR=4.222, 95% CI 1.669-10.684) compared to the wildtype (R/R) genotype. (p=0.002). Moreover, the homozygous (Pro/Pro (P/P)) genotype of p53R72P increased the risk of carcinoma (OR=1.333, 95% CI 0.414-4.299) but not statistically significant. (p=0.63). Heterozygous (Arg/Pro (PR)) genotype of p53R72P in the tumor tissue was associated with a statistically significant (OR=3.3, 95% CI 1.274-8.57) increase in the risk of HCC (p=0.014). Pro/Pro (PP) genotype increased the risk of the carcinoma by 2.4 times (OR=2.44, 95% CI 0.865-6.908), but it was not significant. (p=0.092). Pro/Pro (PP) genotype of p53R72P in the tumor tissue compared to normal tissue of a case group increased the risk of cancer by 1.8 times (OR=1.833, 95% CI 0.472- 7.126), which was not statistically significant (p=0.382). Conclusion Taken together, Heterozygous (Arg/Pro (PR)) genotype of p53R72P increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Mongolians. Further studies with larger populations are needed to confirm these results.

Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) are viral infections which can cause acute and chronic hepatitis and are the leading causes for hepatic cirrhosis and cancer, thus creating a significant burden to healthcare systems due to the high morbidity/mortality and costs of treatment. The risk of HBV infection in an unvaccinated person from a single HBV-infected needle stick injury ranges from 6–30. The prevention of HBV infection among HCWs has become a crucial issue. HBV can effectively be prevented by vaccination. A safe and effective HBV vaccine has been available since the 1980s and can prevent acute and chronic infection with an estimated effectivity of 95%. In 2017, the São Paulo Declaration on Hepatitis was launched at the World Hepatitis Summit 2017, calling upon governments to include hepatitis B vaccines for HCWs in national immunization programs. The vaccine is 95% effective in preventing infection and its chronic consequences and has an outstanding record of safety and effectiveness. Data on current hepatitis B vaccine coverage among HCWs in Mongolia is scarce. According to Azzaya et al, the protection level of the subjects was 67.2% >100 mIU/ml, 18.8%, 11-100 mIU/mL and 14.1%, 0-10 mIU/mL based on antibody titer level respectively among the vaccinated HCWs at the 2nd Central hospital. Thus, the HBV vaccination among public and private sector HCWs in Mongolia to inform the health authorities about the HCWs HBV vaccination status along with associated problems and challenges for further improving vaccination strategy among HCWs.