Background: The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Mongolia was reported on November 11, 2020. In response, the government imposed a nationwide lockdown, which significantly impacted the population’s mental health. Heightened levels of stress, anxiety, loneliness, and depression during the pandemic altered individuals’ psychological stability and behavior. Personality traits—defined as relatively stable patterns of emotion, cognition, and behavior—play a key role in stress responses and emotional regulation under pressure. Emerging evidence suggests that these psychological factors may influence the immune system’s responsiveness, including vaccine-induced antibody production. Aim: To evaluate the association between post-vaccination antibody responses and personality types following two doses of COVID-19 vaccines. Materials and Methods: A total of 738 participants who received two doses of COVID-19 vaccines (AstraZeneca ChAdOx1, n=29; Pfizer-BioNTech, n=119; Sinopharm BBIBP, n=590) and had no prior SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled. Serum samples were collected 21–28 days after the second dose, and SARS-CoV-2 RBD (S) IgG antibodies were measured using ELISA (Proteintech Inc., USA). Personality types were assessed using a 56-item temperament questionnaire developed by A. Belov, categorizing individuals into classical temperament types (choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine, melancholic). Logistic regression and ROC analysis were used to examine associations between personality types and antibody response. Results: The presence of an antibody response was significantly higher among individuals with a melancholic temperament, and significantly lower among those with a phlegmatic temperament. Furthermore, antibody titers were higher in participants with melancholic and sanguine temperaments and lower in those with a phlegmatic type. Conclusions 1. During the early period following the second dose of COVID-19 vaccination, the antibody response was higher in individuals with a pure melancholic temperament, while it was lower in those with a phlegmatic temperament. 2. After the second dose of the Sinopharm BBIBP COVID-19 vaccine, antibody titers were higher in individuals with pure melancholic and sanguine temperaments, and lower in those with a phlegmatic temperament.

Introduction: According to epidemiological studies conducted in Mongolia over the past decade, diseases of the digestive system have consistently ranked second in terms of morbidity and fourth in mortality. With the rapid advancement of technology, sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy living habits have become more prevalent among the population, leading to a trend of digestive disorders affecting younger age groups. Therefore, investigating the prevalence, pathological changes, and risk factors associated with gallbladder and pancreatic diseases among university students has become the rationale for this study. Objective: To study the prevalence of gallbladder and pancreatic disorders and determine some of the associated risk factors. Methodology: 200 students from the first to sixth year were selected through random sampling based on the WHO age classification. Data collection included a structured questionnaire and ultrasound examination using the SUN-800D device. Diagnostic criteria followed the national clinical guidelines for acute cholecystitis. Results: Out of 200 participants, 120 (60%) were female and 80 (40%) were male. Among them, 128 students (64%) reported skipping breakfast regularly, and 147 (73.5%) did not consume an adequate amount of fluids daily. Ultrasound examinations revealed that 104 students (52%) had some form of gallbladder or pancreatic abnormality. Additionally, gallstones were detected in 1 student (0.5%), and gallbladder polyps were found in 5 students (2.5%). Conclusion Gallbladder and pancreatic abnormalities were observed in 52% of the participants. Among the associated risk factors, 64% of students reported skipping breakfast, and 73.5% had inadequate daily fluid intake. The ultrasound findings showed that 47% had biliary sludge, 32% had gallbladder kinking, and 48.5% had increased pancreatic echogenicity.

Background: Govi-Altai Province is located in an arid region of Mongolia with limited water resources, where the main sources of drinking water are groundwater and springs. Therefore, regular assessment of water quality is essential for protecting public health and ensuring sustainable management of water resources. The Mongolian Standard MNS 0900:2018 “Drinking Water. Hygienic Requirements, Quality and Safety Assessment” provides the theoretical basis for this study and establishes criteria for evaluating physicochemical properties of drinking water. Previous studies reported high hardness, mineralization, and heavy metal content in some soums, occasionally exceeding MNS limits, yet long-term systematic studies are scarce. The study hypothesizes that “certain chemical parameters in drinking water of Govi-Altai soums may exceed the maximum allowable standard limits. Aim: To evaluate the physicochemical parameters of drinking water in the sums of Govi-Altai Province during 2019– 2024 and to assess hygienic risks by comparing the results with the MNS 0900:2018 standard Material and Methods: This study analyzed 112 drinking water samples collected from 2019 to 2024. Major physicochemical parameters were assessed and compared with MNS 0900:2018 standards. Results: The average pH of the soums’ water was approximately 7.3, within the standard range. However, water hardness was high in some soums (Bigēr 17.4 mg-eq/L, Tsogt 8.7 mg-eq/L), exceeding recommended levels. Nitrate reached up to 60 mg/L, fluoride 2.1 mg/L, and iron 0.9 mg/L, with some soums exceeding standard limits, indicating potential health risks. Water from Yesonbulag soum complied with standard hardness limits, demonstrating variability in water quality across the province. Comparison with studies from Inner Mongolia and Ulaanbaatar highlights differences in hardness, mineral content, and heavy metal levels. Conclusion Physicochemical parameters in drinking water from some Govi-Altai soums exceed standard limits, and high water hardness may pose public health risks.

Introduction: In 2007, ” National innovation Development Program in Mongolia” was adopted by 306th act of Mongolian government and indicated that its important to focus attention to research outcomes become real productions based on scientific knowledges, experiences, skilled personnel and possibility of laboratory and production. In Mongolian and Tibetan traditional medicine have been used many herbal and animal preparations has biological active compound with anti inflammatory effect for the treatment of wound healing and ulcer. One of them, Cacalia hastata L. is a medicinal plant, which is widely used for the treatment of wound healing, cholangitis and gastroduodenal ulcer in the Mongolian and Tibetan traditional medicine. It is appropriate to prepare film coated tablet for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, gel for the treatment of wound healing. Purpose: To prepare film coated tablet for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, gel for the treatment of wound healing from semi-solid extract of Cacalia hastata L. and determine their quality criteria. Material and methods: Herb of Cacalia hastata L. was collected as a raw material from Terelj in July 2009; from Batsumber soum, Tuv aimag province in July 2010, 2011. For determining of quality of semi-solid extract and new drug formulations were evaluated biological activity compounds such as alkaloid, carotenoid and flavonoid by spectrophotometric method. We prepared film coated tablet by wet granulation and film coating method and gel by dispersion method. Tests for significant differences between means were performed by one sample t-test and One way ANOVA using the software SPSS 16. Differences were considered significant at p<0.05. Results: We prepared tablet from semi-solid extract of Cacalia hastata L. For preparing the film coated tablet used mixture solution of 8 % gelatin and 6 % sodium carboxymethylcellulose as a binder, sodium carbonate as diluents. The tablet was coated 5% solution of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose with 10 % polyethyleneglycol as a film former used traditional coating pan. Film coated tablet was standardized by such criteria, as appearance (colour, smell), the average weight, amount of biologically active compound, hardness, disintegration, dissolution and bacterial contamination. We prepared Cacalia gel from semi-solid extract of Cacalia hastata L. using various excipients and determined quality criteria, developed technological scheme of preparing. Gel was standardized by such as criteria: appearance (color, smell), the amount of biologically active compound, pH, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability and bacterial contamination. Conclusions: 1. Developed technology of preparing 0.3 gram film coated tablet from semi-solid extract of Cacalia hastata L. and determined quality criteria. 2. Developed technology of gel from semi-solid extract of Cacalia hastata L. and standardized its quality.