Introduction: Diabetes literacy represents personal knowledge and competencies related to diabetes mellitus (DM) among people living with DM (PLWD). It is a crucial component for optimizing care and empowering effective selfmanagement. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Hospital Tuanku Ja’afar Seremban (HTJS) and Klinik Kesihatan Seremban (KKS) using a validated simplified Diabetes Knowledge Test (DKT). DKT assessed understanding in six domains, namely, awareness, lifestyle modification, diet and monitoring, general knowledge, preventive screening, and insulin. A score of >75% was classified as adequate diabetes literacy. Significant predictive factors identified from univariate Pearson Chi Square were further analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Results: A total of 250 PLWDs, with equal contribution from each centre, were recruited with a mean (SD) age of 50.3 (13.6) years, 58.4% female, and 43.2% Malays. A total of 21.2% demonstrated adequate diabetes literacy. The results demonstrated the highest proficiency in the preventive screening domain (92.6%) and the lowest in the awareness domain (50.2%). Unemployed PLWDs had significantly lower odds of adequate diabetes literacy (odds ratio [OR] = 0.20, p = 0.010). Similarly, PLWDs with hemoglobin A1c levels >10% exhibited approximately 2.6-fold lower odds of adequate diabetes literacy. In contrast, PLWDs who reported healthcare personnel as their primary source of diabetes-related information had significantly higher odds of adequate literacy (OR = 1.59, p = 0.017). No significant association was demonstrated between diabetes literacy and frequency of hospital admissions, medication adherence, and diabetes-related target organ damage Conclusion Diabetes literacy among PLWD in HTJS and KKS is suboptimal, with notable gaps in awareness of the disease. Targeted, culturally tailored education strategies are essential to address these disparities and to empower them for effective diabetes self-management.
Literacy ; Diabetes Mellitus

Image 1.

Introduction: Previous medication adherence studies primarily focused on the domains of non-adherence in hypertension treatment and less attention has been given on domains that encourage adherence to anti-hypertensive medications. The current study is aimed to identify the domains of adherence and non-adherence to anti-hypertensive medications among hypertensive patients in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods: Hypertensive patients from two public health clinics in Kuala Lumpur were invited for in-depth interviews until thematic saturation. Audio recordings from these interviews were transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were then analysed deductively with the guidance of the World Health Organization Medication Adherence Framework to extract the domains of adherence and non-adherence to anti-hypertensive medications. Results: Ten patients who were predominantly Malays and aged 34-73 years old participated the study. Patient-related (encompassing knowledge, attitude, belief and culture, lifestyle, personal barriers, self-efficacy, and cue to action), socioeconomic (encompassing social support), condition-related (encompassing nature of illness and presence of multiple co-morbidities), therapy-related (encompassing experience of receiving treatment, barrier in treatment, and side effects of treatment), and healthcare system (encompassing access to healthcare and healthcare center experience) domains were identified as central to the medication-taking behaviour of hypertensive patients. Conclusion: Sixteen codes of adherence and 22 codes of non-adherence to anti-hypertensive medications were identified, which were distributed across five domains (patient-related, socioeconomic, condition-related, therapy related, and healthcare system domains). These findings can help to inform future development of medication adherence questionnaires, individualised interventions for patients with adherence problems, and targeted health promotion programmes to reduce uncontrolled hypertension.

COVID-19 infection or vaccination is rarely associated with arterial occlusive disease of the extremities. The surgical department of a hospital in Johor, Malaysia, recorded a significant increase in the number of COVID-19-related acute limb ischaemia when the rates of COVID-19 were high both locally and internationally. The clinical presentation and management of acute limb ischaemia associated with COVID-19 infection or vaccination are largely underreported in Johor. Herein, we report a case series of 12 patients managed with strategies ranging from purely anticoagulation to catheter-directed thrombolysis and surgical embolectomy. This case series describes the clinical presentation, risk profiles, treatment approaches and limb outcomes of the patients. The amputation rate was high in view of unfavourable factors, including delayed presentation, high-risk factors and severe COVID-19. Three cases of potential COVID-19 vaccine-related acute limb ischaemia were included. COVID-19-related acute limb ischaemia can be minimised with heightened alert, preemptive optimisation with proper hydration and consideration for early prophylactic anticoagulation in high-risk cases.
COVID-19 ; Arterial Occlusive Diseases ; Mechanical Thrombolysis

Introduction: Obesity is a global issue called as “globesity”. Overweight and obesity may lead to many noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Primary care is the first centre to monitor and follow-up the progress of NCD patients. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an integrated-Weight Management Programme (i-WMP) to reduce body weight among NCD patients from two Government primary care clinics from Hulu Langat District. Methods: This study was single-blinded randomised controlled trial by design. There were 244 eligible patients were randomised into intervention (n = 122) or wait-list control group (n = 122). The i-WMP was developed based on the behaviour change wheel through the operationalization of behaviour change techniques. The duration of this intervention programme was four weeks. Data collected at week 0, week 4, and week 12. The software IBM SPSS was used to analyse the data. Generalized linear mixed model analysis with intention-to-treat principle was applied. Results: The retention rate was 74.2%. Findings showed that the i-WMP was significantly effective in reducing not only body weight as primary outcome but also secondary outcomes such as waist-to-height ratio, waist circumference, body mass index, and total sitting time. It also improved effectively other secondary outcomes such as participants’ knowledge, attitude, and practice towards dietary and towards physical activity. However, no significant changes were reported for body fat percentage and total physical activity metabolic equivalent of task-minutes/week. Conclusion: Implications surrounding the implementation of i-WMP in the primary care clinics are recommended.

Introduction: Domains of adherence and non-adherence to hypertensive medications have not been extensively documented in Malaysia due to the absence of theoretically driven and culturally appropriate measurement tools, leading to a poor understanding of the adherence and underlying factors. We aim to identify these domains in Malaysian hypertensive patients and subsequently apply the findings to develop and validate the Malaysian Anti-Hypertensive Agents Non-Adherence Scale (MAANS). Methods: This study has an exploratory mixed-methods design. In Phase 1, we will recruit hypertensive patients from two health clinics to participate in a semi-structured interview. Recruitment of participants will terminate once thematic saturation is achieved. Coding and thematic analyses will be performed to identify the domains of adherence and non-adherence to anti-hypertensive medications. In Phase 2, based on the domains generated from Phase 1, we will develop the Malaysian Anti-Hypertensive Agents Non-Adherence Scale (MAANS). Four hundred hypertensive patients will be randomly selected. Data from 200 participants (serving as the calibration sample) will be subjected to exploratory factor analysis while data from additional 200 participants (serving as the validation sample) will be subjected to confirmatory factor analysis. Factor structure, predictive validity, and reliability of the MAANS will be statistically tested. Discussion: With the presence of the MAANS, health care providers can gather crucial information regarding barriers and facilitators to hypertensive treatment adherence and design effective health promotion programmes to reduce complications of uncontrolled hypertension. Trial registration: Ethical approval is granted by the Medical Research Ethics Committee, Ministry of Health, Malaysia (NMRR-18-3251-44694).

With the sudden change of environment and limited studies on the effects of COVID-19 lockdown among university students, this study therefore aims to examine the effects of COVID-19 lockdown on physical activity level and mental health among university students in Malaysia. This is a cross-sectional study involving university students studying in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Demographics information, living status during COVID-19, physical activity level and mental health status were obtained through online questionnaire via Microsoft forms. Paired T-test was used to compare the effect of physical activity level and mental health status during COVID-19 lockdown. Data on falls was available for 383 participants with 254 (66.3 %) women and 129 (33.7%) men. Overall, the metabolic equivalent task (MET) of vigorous, moderate, mild, and total MET has decreased during COVID-19 lockdown as compared to before COVID-19 lockdown. Approximately an increment of 6% of participants reported having depression and anxiety during COVID-19 lockdown. In conclusion, significant impact on physical activity level and mental health was found in our study. Our study findings could therefore assist educational institutions and policymakers in forming strategies to improve student’s overall health, yet further longitudinal studies should be performed to examine the long-term effects of COVID-19 lockdown.

Background: Ingestion of foreign bodies leading to impaction at the pharynx and oesophagus have been extensively described in English literatures. However, impactions at the gastrointestinal tract distal to the oesophagus are less commonly encountered due to the more capacious luminal diameter as it approaches the stomach. While intentional foreign body ingestions impacted distal to the oesophagus are often more complicated, literatures on the management of these distal oesophageal impactions are scarce. Case presentation: We present five cases of foreign body impaction at varying sites of gastrointestinal tract beyond the oesophagus, contrasting management approach comparing the role of endoscopy, open surgery and conservative management. Cases presented include patients aged 40 to 70 with intentional foreign bodies ingestion. The first case described a cerebral palsy patient with pica who had to undergo difficult evacuation under anaesthesia followed by colonoscopy; the second and third cases presented 2 different schizophrenic patients with 2 differing management approach. The second case was managed with multiple operations due to complications and died eventually, making the only mortality in our case series; whereas the third case was managed conservatively with acceptable outcome after multiple laparotomies prior. Fourth and fifth cases described 2 body packers who swallowed tobacco and 2 phones, respectively; the former was uneventfully managed conservatively, the latter, had to undergo surgical extraction. Individualized approach to these distal impactions of ingested foreign bodies are described with a review of available literatures which are tabulated and discussed in this case series. Conclusion Endoscopy, surgery, conservative management and sometimes a combination of approaches are utilised for the management of foreign bodies impacted distal to the oesophagus, especially in complex and recurrent cases. Decision, timing and approach of extraction must be individualised with consideration of risk weighed against the benefit of each intervention over the other

Laryngeal cyst in pediatric age group is an infrequent condition. It frequently presents with laboured respiration, respiratory distress during feeding, hoarseness, feeble or absent cry. Herein, we report a case of congenital laryngeal saccular cyst, which was successfully treated with transoral endoscopic cold instrumental excision. This case highlights the significance of suspicion in stridulous infants with feeding anomalies which warrants an early referral to otolaryngologist.

Low back pain (LBP) is a common problem encountered by physicians. It is a considerable cause of morbidity and socioeconomic loss and is one of the most expensive musculoskeletal disorders. Conventional treatments include bed rest, analgesics, therapeutic exercises, lumbar or caudal epidural corticosteroids, and surgery. Several new biological therapies are being investigated for use in LBP and one of these is platelet-rich plasma (PRP). In this article, we summarize the current literature published on PRP concerning its composition, classification, and application in LBP. We believe our review will prove useful to clinicians and academics alike, interested in new developing therapies for LBP.