Background: Liposomes have been widely studied in the field of medicine in recent years for they can reduce side effects and regulate drug release by delivering active ingredients to target tissues and cells through active or passive routes. There are many types of methods for formulating liposomes, and comparing those methods and choosing the most suitable one will allow the delivery of active ingredients and their incorporation into pharmaceutical forms, so this research was carried out. Aim: To compare liposome formation methods. Materials and Methods: The research work was carried out with the support of “Drug Design Laboratory” and “Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory” of the School of Pharmacy of MNUMS. To formulate liposomes, 5 different concentrations of samples were prepared using thin-film hydration, ethanol injection, and heating methods. Phospholipid concentration and light absorption were determined by spectrophotometer in each sample. The size of the resulting liposome was determined using a Nanophox. Results: Phosphatidilcholines were dissolved in distilled water at concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 μg/ml and a standard curve was established by spectrophotometry to determine the concentration of phospholipids in liposome samples. The highest formulation was 76.98% when 75 mg of phospholipid was used in the preparation by thin film hydration method, when 50 mg of phospholipid was used in the preparation by ethanol injection method, the highest formulation was 85.17%, and for when 50 mg of phospholipid was used in the preparation by heating method, the highest formulation was 58.45%. The mean liposome size by ethanol injection method was 115 nm. Conclusions 1. Ethanol injection method for liposome formulation is more efficient compared to thin-film hydration method and heating method. 2. Liposome size was 115 nm when prepared by ethanol injection.

Background: Chickenpox (varicella) is an acute viral respiratory infection transmitted from person to person through airborne droplets. It is characterized by a typical vesicular rash affecting the skin and mucous membranes. Varicella is highly contagious, with secondary attack rates ranging from 61% to 100% among susceptible household contacts. Goal: This study aimed to compare the incidence and epidemiological characteristics of chickenpox in Uvurkhangai province before, during, and after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, as the incidence has exceeded the national average in recent years. Material and Method: A total of 1,804 chickenpox cases registered in Uvurkhangai province between 2017 and 2024 were obtained from the H-Info surveillance database. The study period was categorized into three phases: pre-pandemic (2017–2019), pandemic (2020–2022), and post-pandemic (2023–2024). Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel, ArcGIS, and RStudio to compare temporal, demographic, and geographic patterns. Result: The incidence of chickenpox in Uvurkhangai province decreased 2.7-fold during the pandemic compared with the pre-pandemic period and increased 1.8-fold in the post-pandemic period. Before the pandemic, the highest proportion of cases occurred among kindergarten-aged children (2–4 years). During and after the pandemic, school-aged children (5–9 years) accounted for the largest proportion of cases. Across all study periods, the highest numbers of cases were reported in the densely populated soums of Arvaikheer and Kharkhorin. Significant changes in age distribution and socioeconomic characteristics were observed compared with the pre-pandemic period (p < 0.001). Chickenpox cases were most frequently reported during the winter and spring seasons. Conclusions Chickenpox cases are most common among school- and kindergarten-aged children in the densely populated soums of Arvaikheer and Kharkhorin, particularly during the winter and spring seasons. Strengthening surveillance and implementing targeted preventive measures in schools and kindergartens are essential to reduce the risk of future outbreaks.

Since a human being was born, female reproductive organs, particularly the structure and function of the ovaries are constantly changing. The findings of overseas studies referred hereunder show that the ovarian follicular growth and atresia in young girls occur simultaneously, continuously and actively. The histopathology and ultrasound examination of the ovaries in girls were similar in principles. We found that ovarian maturation is influenced by hormonal stimulation, not only by age. In the most of the study, ovarian follicles were divided into two groups; as micro-cysts (<9mm) and macro-cysts (>9mm).
In every country, physical development of inhabitants shall be researched academically in every 5 to 10 years, comparing to geography, nature, weather conditions, culture, occupation and livelihood of local residents, in connection with the social and economic development of the country; urban and rural areas. In the studies regarding physical growth and development of Mongolian children’s body, structure and maturation of the ovaries in girls have not been determined. However, in 1996, Tuul M. studied ovarian measurements in Mongolian adults sampling organs from cadavers. Fundamental research determining the characteristic of ovarian structure and maturation in Mongolian girls and comparing results with an onset of puberty is needed to be developed.