Background: Teaching is a profession associated with high levels of stress. Research has shown that when job demands are high while organizational support is insufficient, levels of stress and burnout increase. Aim: Prior to conducting our study aimed at determining the stress levels among university faculty members, we performed a literature review. Materials and Methods: We conducted a literature search using the PubMed and Embase databases for studies published in English without restriction on publication year, including all relevant articles available up to September 2025. The search strategy included the following keywords: “stress,” “researchers,” “university professors,” “academic researchers,” “college,” “academics,” “scholars,” “teachers,” and “professors.” Results: We searched for English-language publications in the PubMed and Embase databases without year restrictions, including studies published up to September 2025. The search was conducted using the following mesh terms: “stress,” “researchers,” “university professors,” “academic researchers,” “college,” “academics,” “scholars,” “teachers,” and “professors.” A total of 3,961 articles were identified from the database search. After screening titles, 2,944 articles were excluded. Subsequently, 58 articles were reviewed based on their abstracts, and 12 studies that were relevant to our research objectives and questionnaire were selected for analysis. Conclusion This review study demonstrated that stress levels among university and college faculty members are high. Stress is associated with multiple factors, including workload, organizational support, and performance demands, leading to negative physical and psychological consequences. Therefore, it is necessary to implement systematic institutional-level interventions to support the well-being of faculty members.

Background: Ephedra przewalskii Stapf. is a perennial shrubby plant of the family Ephedraceae, naturally distributed in the dry and cold desert regions of Mongolia. In traditional medicine, the stems and roots of this plant have been used as decoctions for the treatment of gastrointestinal spasms, abdominal distension, urinary retention, and general fatigue. Members of the Ephedraceae family are known to contain sympathomimetic alkaloids such as ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which exert strong physiological effects on the central nervous system, respiratory tract, and cardiovascular system. However, detailed information on the tissue- and cell-level localization of biologically active compounds and the microstructural characteristics of E. przewalskii remains limited. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the microanatomical structure and histochemical characteristics of the stem and root of Ephedra przewalskii Stapf., with particular emphasis on the localization of biologically active compounds. Materials and Methods: Plant samples were collected in July from Chandmani soum, Govi-Altai province, Mongolia. The collected material was air-dried in the shade and softened using Ostrich and Fleming solution prior to sectioning. Transverse sections of the stem and root were prepared using a hand microtome and examined under an Olympus light microscope. Histochemical analyses were performed using standard reagents to detect alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, essential oils, polysaccharides, and starch. Results: The stem epidermis consisted of thin-walled, quadrangular cells with a surface covered by spherical protuberances. The stomatal apparatus exhibited a tetracytic structure, and photosynthetic activity was primarily localized in the stem chlorenchyma. The vascular bundles were collateral, with phloem located externally and xylem internally. Idioblasts containing reddish-brown crystalline inclusions were observed in the central pith of the stem. The root showed a polyarch central cylinder, with uniformly distributed, rounded parenchymal cells, and idioblasts similar to those observed in the stem. Histochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and tannins in the stem, predominantly localized in parenchymal and chlorenchymal tissues. In the root, polysaccharides, tannins, and starch were detected, whereas alkaloid accumulation was more prominent in the stem parenchyma. Conclusion The microscopic examination of Ephedra przewalskii Stapf. revealed the characteristic structures of the stem epidermis, stomata, chlorenchyma, vascular tissues, and crystal-containing idioblasts, as well as a polyarch central cylinder in the root. Histochemical reactions detected flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, starch, and polysaccharides in the stem, whereas tannins, starch, and polysaccharides were identified in the root. These findings provide a comprehensive characterization of the anatomical and chemical features of the different plant organs.

Background: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in regulating cellular responses to oxidative stress and xenobiotic exposure. However, excessive NRF2 activation can enhance cancer cell survival and contribute to chemoresistance. Therefore, increasing attention has been directed toward naturally occurring flavonoids that may modulate NRF2 activity. Molecular docking provides a computational approach for predicting potential interactions between flavonoids and NRF2 and may help identify candidate compounds for further investigation in cancer therapy. Objective: To evaluate the potential interactions of five naturally occurring flavonoids—daidzin, rutin, luteolin, apigenin, and quercetin—with the Neh1 domain of NRF2 using molecular docking and to identify promising candidates for further investigation based on docking scores and ligand efficiency. Materials and Methods: The potential interactions of five natural flavonoids, namely daidzin, rutin, luteolin, apigenin, and quercetin, with the target region of NRF2 were investigated using molecular docking. Three-dimensional structures of the flavonoids were retrieved from the PubChem database, while the NRF2 protein structure was obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Molecular docking calculations were performed using the CB-Dock2 web platform, which incorporates the AutoDock Vina algorithm. Results: The docking scores of the selected flavonoids ranged from −64.9 to −77.2. Daidzin exhibited the most favorable docking score (−77.2), followed by apigenin (−72.0) and luteolin (−71.4), whereas rutin showed the least favorable score (−64.9). The calculated RMSD values ranged from 14.766 to 15.344 Å, with relatively small differences among the ligands. Daidzin and apigenin exhibited comparatively lower RMSD values. The reported pose-clustering analysis indicated that all ligands occupied similar binding regions. In terms of ligand efficiency, apigenin (−2.40), luteolin (−2.30), and quercetin (−2.20) showed comparatively favorable values. Although daidzin had the most favorable docking score, its ligand efficiency relative to molecular size was comparatively lower. Conclusion The results suggest that daidzin and apigenin may be candidate compounds for further investigation of potential interactions with the Neh1 domain of NRF2. However, these findings are based solely on computational analysis. Further molecular dynamics simulations and experimental studies are required to validate the predicted interactions and determine their actual effects on NRF2 activity.

Background: Membranous nephropathy (MN) is among the most common causes of nephrotic syndrome in adults. MN is diagnosed in one third of cases of nephrotic syndrome on kidney biopsy. Kidney biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing MN and plays an important role in determining the severity of the disease and in determining treatment decisions and regimens. Therefore, the lack of research on kidney biopsy in Mongolia is the reason for this study. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the pathological features in the kidney tissues of patients with primary membranous nephropathy diagnosed by kidney biopsy. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 51 cases of MN diagnosed in kidney biopsies performed at the First Central Hospital of Mongolia (FCHM) over a period of 12 years. Renal function was calculated using the CKD-EPI (2021) formula and classified into the stage of CKD by eGFR. Histopathological findings were examined using 4 light microscopy (LM) stains (Hematoxylin-Eosin, Masson-Trichrome, PAS, and Methenamine silver staining) and 8 immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy stains (IgG, A, M, complement C3, C4, C1q, and kappa, lambda). The study excluded secondary MN based on viral markers, tumor markers, and serological tests. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and STATA 15.0 software, using t-tests, Pearson’s chi-square tests, and multiple group comparisons were performed using ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis methods. The study design was approved by the Ethics Committee of the MNUMS, Mongolia. (№ 2023/3-07) Results: A total of 305 kidney biopsies performed at the Kidney Center of the FCHM between 2011 and 2023 resulted in the diagnosis of 51 cases of primary MN. The mean age of patients with membranous nephropathy was 40.6±9.3 years, with the oldest age of 65 and the youngest of 22 years, and 36 (70.59%) were male and 15 (29.41%) were female. In the kidney biopsy, the average number of glomeruli was 16.51±7.82 (min-max, 3-54), and by LM, 33.3% showed global sclerosis of glomeruli by hematoxylin-eosin staining, 94.12% showed thickening of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), 31.2% showed double counter staining of subepithelial immune complexes by methenamine-silver staining, 88.24% showed holes in the GBM, and 54.9% showed spike-like changes by Masson-Trichrome staining. IF showed IgG 3+ in 37.3%, 2+ in 39.2%, 1+ in 13.7%, and trace staining in 9.8%, while 74.5% of the cases were positive for C3, 93.1% for kappa, and 79.5% for lambda. LM showed thickening of the GBM (OR 23.5, 95% CI 0.093-0.53, p value= 0.007) and interstitial fibrosis (95% CI 6.98-31.07, p value= 0.003) contributing to the decrease in eGFR. The mean time from the onset of the first symptoms of kidney disease to the time of kidney biopsy was 35.35±61.54 months. Patients who underwent biopsy later (in months) after the diagnosis of the disease had a higher incidence of interstitial fibrosis (74.6 ± 98.43, 95% CI -90.52-20.68, p value = 0.002). Conclusion The histopathological features of MN confirmed by kidney biopsy showed thickening of the GBM in 94.12%, global sclerosis in 33.3%, and holes in 88.2%. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed 100% IgG staining, while C3, kappa, and lambda were positive in 74.5%, 93.1%, and 79.5%, respectively.

Background: Generation Z students, born after 1995, are characterized by their ability to multitask, low tolerance for traditional learning methods, impatience, short attention span, and preference for working independently rather than collaboratively. They are also considered more vulnerable to mental health challenges compared to previous generations. Aim: To assess the level of academic engagement among Generation Z students studying in the School of Nursing. Materials and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted from February 1 to April 1, 2025. A total of 420 students majoring in nursing, midwifery, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and traditional medicine nursing at the School of Nursing, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, participated in the study. The Student Course Engagement Questionnaire (Handelsman, 2005) was used to evaluate students’ engagement levels. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed with a Cronbach’s α of 0.955. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, and results were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. Results: Among the 420 participants, 91.9% were female and 8.1% were male. By major, 57.1% studied nursing, 22.6% midwifery, 8.8% physical therapy, and the remainder were from other disciplines. Student engagement was analyzed across three domains: academic involvement, personal responsibility and effort, and learning attitude and motivation. Pearson correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations between academic involvement and personal responsibility/ effort (r=0.828), learning attitude and motivation (r=0.825), and between responsibility/effort and learning attitude/ motivation (r=0.903) (p<0.01). Age showed a weak positive correlation with year of study (r=0.381), while major and year of study had a weak negative correlation (r= -0.146) (p<0.01). Year of study and learning motivation also showed a weak negative correlation (r=-0.107, p<0.05). Conclusion The learning motivation and class engagement of Generation Z nursing students were found to be strongly correlated with their sense of responsibility, effort, and learning attitude (r=0.82–0.90, p<0.01). Most students demonstrated consistent participation and motivation to learn, showed less interest in traditional teaching approaches, and preferred practical training.

Background: Karma, a Sanskrit word that roughly translates to “action,” is a core concept in some Oriental religions, including Hinduism and Buddhism. Though its specifics are different depending on the religion, karma generally denotes the cycle of cause and effect - each action a person takes will affect him or her at some time in the future. This rule also applies to a person’s thoughts and speech, and the actions other people take under that individual’s instructions. Therefore, it is important to study the relationship between body, speech, mind and karma. Research results: The Karma denotes our good and bad intentions. These intentions manifest themselves as good or bad actions with our body, our speech and our mind. In turn, our actions bring about effects called “Karma”, namely: the effect, the consequence, the fruit of the actions, the maturation of the actions. Usually, however, the word Karma is used by ordinary people for both the actions and the effects, which is not accurate. The law of karma is a special instance of the law of cause and effect, according to which all our actions of body, speech and mind are causes and all our experiences are their effects. The law of karma explains why each individual has a unique mental disposition, a unique physical appearance and unique experiences. These are the various effects of the countless actions that each individual has performed in the past. Each person has a different individual karma. Some people enjoy good health while others are constantly ill. Some people are seen as very beautiful while others are seen as very ugly. Some people have a happy disposition that is easily pleased while others have a sour disposition and are rarely delighted by anything. Some people easily understand the meaning of spiritual teachings while others find them difficult and obscure. Conclusion We made conclusion choosing information and sources related to body, speech and mind study as well as Karma in antient works, sorting it into time sequence and enriching it with information in other works. Essentially, Karma denotes our good and bad intentions. These intentions manifest themselves as good or bad actions with our body, our speech and our mind.

BACKGROUND: Early physical therapy plays important role in improving functional capacity, activities of daily life, and quality of life after acute myocardial infarction. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to describe effects of 4 weeks physical therapy program after acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: In our study, 20 men participated in physical therapy program for 14 days after PCI surgery. The patients were diagnosed with myocardial infarction and aged 56.45±8.1. Their BMI was 27.39±3.61and waist circumference was 98±9.28. Exercise program was scheduled 3 times a week with each session consisting of 34-70% intensity exercises for 60 minutes. Exercise type is aerobic (warming up for 10 minutes, walking, bicycling and cooling down stretch for 10 minutes). RESULTS: For the 6-minute walking test (p=0.01) there was significant difference between before and after 4 weeks’ exercise program. CONCLUSION: The hospital based 4 weeks exercise program improved the functional capacity for pci patients.

Introduction: Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) revolutionizedthe treatment of urolithiasis and graduallybecame the favorite treatment option sothat today it is considered to be the first lineof treatment for patients with urolithiasis.The purpose of this study was assessment oftherapeutic efficacy, complications of ESWLin urolithiasis in Mongolia.Material and methods: A total of46 patients harboring renal and ureteralstones underwent ESWL between March2016 and September 2016 at First CentralHospital of Mongolia. Karl Storz ModulithSLK electromagnetic machines were usedto impart shock waves. All collected stonefragments sent for biochemical analysis.Results: A total of 46 patients 23 weremales (50%). Patients were mean age of34. The stone size distribution was 0.5cmto 3.1cm. The average treatment time wasranging from 75-110 minutes. The averagenumber of shock waves per treatmentwas 3172±378 (range 1500-4000). Theoverall success rate was 75.73%. All calculidisintegrated satisfactorily except for 3stones, which is located lower 1/3rd ofureter. Stone composition analysis proved tobe composed entirely or predominantly ofcalcium oxalate monohydrate. These patientsrequired to have ureterolithoextraction. Calculicomposition for remaining patients 12 werecalcium oxalate monohydrate, 17 calciumoxalate dehydrate, 6 uric acid and 1 struvite.Complications were mostly minor and rare.Most of the patients (90.7%) developedmacroscopic hematuria after treatment; fewpatients developed mild bruising at the entryand exit sites of the shockwaves on the bodywall. Severe complications such as renalhematoma and steinstrasse were diagnosedfor one patient each and their managementwas non-surgical.Conclusion: ESWL is therefore the firstline treatment for urolithiasis with stonesize smaller than 2cm. It has an efficiencyrate above 75, low procedure time, highsafety and good tolerability and minimalcomplication.

BackgroundTraditional Mongolian Medicine has a history of over 5000 years. Scientific development of TM hasstarted in 1959. Since 1999 Mongolia was categorized by WHO as a country having an Integrativesystem of TM- officially recognized and incorporated into all areas of health care provision, TMMresearch has been following key objectives of National R&D programs.AimIn order to assess the situation of TMM development we have conducted this study based on last10 years’ research done.Ìaterial and MethodsDocument study- we have selected key TMM’s R&D project implementers’ archive and humanresources documents.Descriptive and Analytic methods- a survey of 32 questions evaluating participation of TMMprofessionals in R&D work were conducted. Also, to clarify the point of view about TMM’s R&D6 focus group meetings with different level participants, such as professional committee, policymakers and research workers as well as health care providers, were organized.ResultsFrom 2004-2013, there are 28 projects implemented on TMM, 43% accomplished by TMMRTC,32.8% of which is resulting in raw materials standardization and technology study, related clinicalstudies standing 20% out of all studies done on TMM matter. These numbers are confirmed bysurvey and focus group interviews, more than 50% of participants willing to conduct a clinical studyand expressing difficulties such as lack of knowledge of methodology, policy support and revenue.Conclusions:1. TMM R&D has a potential growth due to human resources capacity. Practitioners are leastinvolved in R&D, due to lack of knowledge of methodology and revenue.2. There were 28 projects implemented on TMM matter, most of these are basic studies, fewerclinical studies done, resulting in pharmacopeia monographs and technological guidelines.

Objective: In this study it was aimed to demonstrate the hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic potentials of Agrypum extract on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods: Eighteen male Wistar rats of weights between 140 g were used for the study and divided into three groups of six rats each. The rats of the non-diabetic control group were given 1 ml of distilled water daily. Two other groups induced with diabetes using alloxan by a single dose administration of 120 mg/kg body weight (BW); one of these diabetic rat groups were treated with seeds of this plant (Agrypum) extract daily at 1.5 ml/100 g BW for 4 weeks while the other group was left untreated. Blood samples were collected and total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) and glucose levels were assayed. Results: After four weeks of treatment, data indicated significant reductions in BW, blood glucose, TG, TC and LDL levels of diabetic rats treated with seeds of this plant (Agrypum) extract compared to the non-treated group. The treated diabetic rats also indicated significantly higher HDL levels compared to the non-treated group. Conclusion: Treatment of diabetic rats with the seeds of this plant (Agrypum) extract lowered blood glucose, TG, TC and LDL levels and increased the HDL level. This shows that the extract has both hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.