Introduction: This study aimed to assess psychological distress among nursing students enrolled in bachelor’s and associate degree programs using the DASS-21 (Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21). Objective: To evaluate levels of depression, anxiety, and stress and analyze their differences by age, gender, and year of study. Methods:: A cross-sectional design was employed. Data were collected from students and analyzed by age, gender, and year of study. Depression, anxiety, and stress levels were measured using DASS-21 standard scoring and categorized accordingly.
The findings showed that psychological distress levels were generally consistent with international trends. Bachelor’s students demonstrated higher levels of depression and stress, particularly in the second and final years. Anxiety levels were moderate among first- to third-year bachelor’s students. In contrast, associate degree students mostly exhibited normal to mild levels across all three domains. Female students reported relatively higher levels of depression and anxiety. Academic workload, clinical practice demands, financial difficulties, and environmental stressors such as traffic congestion and air pollution were identified as contributing factors. Conclusion Psychological distress among nursing students varies by academic level and is influenced by multiple factors. The results highlight the importance of implementing targeted mental health support and preventive interventions tailored to students’ academic stages.

Introduction: Psoriasis vulgaris is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory dermatosis characterized by erythematous, scaly plaques that substantially impair physical, psychological, and social well-being. Although modern therapies—topicals, phototherapy, systemic agents, and biologics—have improved disease control, many patients experience incomplete remission, adverse effects, or limited accessibility. Traditional Mongolian soaking therapy, particularly the “Five medicinal Springs” decoction, has historically been used to alleviate psoriasis-like conditions; however, contemporary evidence generated through rigorous clinical study remains limited. This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate its efficacy and safety. Methods: A total of 60 adults with psoriasis vulgaris were enrolled between October 2019 and February 2022 at the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities. Participants were randomized equally into an intervention group (n=30) and a placebo group (n=30). The intervention group received daily decoction baths prepared from ledum palustre. L, Juniferus dahurica Pall, Myricaria longifolia Willd. Ehrenb, Ephedra monosperma S.G.Gmel ex C.A.Mey, and Artemisia frigida Willd, combined with composite glycyrrhizic acid and a hyaluronic biological membrane. The placebo group received warm-water baths with identical adjunct therapy. Treatment spanned 4 consecutive weeks. Clinical outcomes included PASI and its sub scores (erythema, scaling, infiltration), lesion area, pruritus score, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), and dermatoscopic grading. Statistical analysis employed Mann–Whitney U, Wilcoxon signed-rank, and χ² tests, with significance set at p<0.05.
Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. After 4 weeks, the intervention group demonstrated significantly greater improvement in erythema (3.23→1.50), scaling (2.90→1.37), and infiltration (2.57→0.77) (all p<0.001). Overall clinical efficacy was higher in the intervention arm (76% vs 53%; p=0.031). DLQI, pruritus scores, and dermatoscopic findings also improved more prominently in the intervention group. No serious adverse events or abnormal laboratory findings were observed. Conclusion Four weeks of “Five medicinal Springs” decoction bathing produced meaningful clinical improvement in psoriasis severity, symptoms, and quality of life, with an excellent safety profile. Further multicenter, long-term randomized trials are warranted to validate these findings and elucidate underlying mechanisms.

Abstract According to the World Health Organization (WHO) report in 2023, arterial hypertension (HTN) remains one of the leading causes of global morbidity, with an estimated 1.3 billion individuals diagnosed worldwide. Among them, 42% were receiving antihypertensive treatment, and only 21% achieved adequate blood pressure control. In the United States, 47.7% of the adult population is diagnosed with hypertension, with prevalence increasing significantly with age [1,2]. Multiple factors such as lifestyle, body mass index (BMI), age, sex, genetics, and physical inactivity are well-documented contributors to hypertension, as evidenced by both international and local studies. Specifically, individuals classified as obese demonstrate a higher prevalence of hypertension based on BMI categorization.
However, in Mongolia, limited studies have investigated the contributing factors and treatment outcomes of hypertension, highlighting the necessity of this study.
A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing the medical records of 50 inpatients diagnosed with arterial hypertension (ICD-10 codes I10–I15) who were admitted to Sindura-Med Hospital between 2023 and 2024.
1. In patients with stage 1 and 2 arterial hypertensions, age, mean systolic and diastolic blood plessure, heart rate and elevated cholesterol levels were found to be correlated with body mass index (BMI). Among smokers, the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases is projected to increase over the next 10 years
2. In the hypertensive group aged 60 years and older, echocardiographic examination revealed structural and functional abnormalities.
3. In the pharmacological management of arterial hypertension, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, combination preparations, and diuretics were the most commonly prescribed medications.

Abstract The Five Medicinal Essences (“Ganlu”) are traditionally described in Mongolian medicine as five sacred, sweet elixirs believed to promote health and longevity. This concept is incorporated into the theoretical framework of traditional fomentation therapy, which aims to restore balance among physiological functions, mental state, and internal energy.
The formulation consists of five plant materials: Ledum palustre L., Juniperus dahurica Pall., Myricaria longifolia (Willd.) Ehrenb., Ephedra przewalskii Stapf, and Artemisia frigida Willd., combined in a ratio of 1:1:2:2:3. The herbal materials are prepared as a decoction and administered as a medicinal extract for external therapeutic application in balneotherapy.
Traditionally, this formulation has been used in Mongolian and integrative medical practice for the management of rheumatic joint disorders, ankylosis, spondylitis, brucellosis, postpartum wind-related disorders, dermatological diseases—particularly psoriasis—and neurological conditions such as hemiplegia and paralysis. Reported therapeutic effects include improvement of blood circulation, modulation of physiological functions, stimulation of metabolic processes, promotion of detoxification, muscle relaxation, and relief of localized pain. However, the therapy is contraindicated in patients with acute infectious diseases (e.g., typhoid fever), severe systemic debilitation, purulent or inflammatory conditions, necrotizing processes, stage II–III hypertension, malignant neoplasms, or venous thrombosis.
Further pharmacological and clinical investigations are necessary to clarify the mechanisms of action of the constituent plants and to provide scientific evidence supporting the integration of this traditional formulation into modern healthcare practice.

Abstract Temperament is an innate psychological characteristic that influences emotional responses, behavioral patterns, learning styles, and academic performance. In educational settings, understanding students’ temperament has become increasingly important for improving learning outcomes, engagement, and instructional effectiveness.
This review aims to synthesize theoretical and empirical evidence on the relationship between student temperament and learning outcomes, and to identify teaching methods and instructional strategies that are aligned with different temperament types.
In reviewed studies, a variety of methods have commonly been used to assess students’ learning styles, temperament, and psychological attitudes, including questionnaires, learning ability tests, standardized psychological tests, and teacher evaluations. Statistical techniques such as correlation, regression, and cluster analysis are often employed to analyze data and provide a comprehensive evaluation of learning outcomes.
Previous studies consistently demonstrate that temperament significantly influences learning behavior, attention, stress responses, and academic achievement. Sanguine and choleric students benefit more from interactive and competitive learning environments, whereas phlegmatic and melancholic students achieve better outcomes in stable, structured, and supportive settings. Empirical evidence further suggests that aligning teaching strategies with students’ temperament characteristics enhances learning effectiveness and student engagement.
Temperament is a critical individual factor affecting learning outcomes and academic success. Rather than attempting to change temperament, educational strategies should focus on recognizing and supporting individual differences.
Integrating temperament-sensitive teaching approaches into curriculum design can substantially improve educational quality and learning outcomes.

Introduction: Clinical practice is a critical component of professional development for healthcare students; however, exposure to ethical dilemmas is common in real clinical settings. Limited evidence exists regarding how nursing and traditional medicine students make ethical decisions during clinical practice and the factors influencing their decision-making in the Mongolian context. Methods: A mixed-methods design was employed. The quantitative phase included 95 undergraduate students undertaking clinical practice. Ethical decision-making was assessed using a 16-item Likert-scale questionnaire based on Rest’s Four-Component Model of Moral Behavior. The qualitative phase involved semi-structured phenomenological interviews with 18 purposively selected students. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 28.0 and R software, while qualitative data were interpreted using Van Manen’s hermeneutic phenomenological approach. Results: The mean ethical decision-making score was 65.06 ± 9.96, with 66.3% of participants demonstrating a high level of ethical competence. Ethical sensitivity showed the lowest mean score (15.87 ± 3.02) among the four components. Significant positive correlations were identified among ethical sensitivity, moral judgment, moral motivation, and moral character (r = 0.592–0.747, p < .001). Qualitative analysis revealed five major themes influencing ethical decision-making: ethical awareness, fear and lack of moral courage, hierarchical relationships and organizational culture, support systems, and personal moral development. Students frequently reported difficulties in acting on ethical concerns due to perceived authority gradients and evaluation-related pressures. Conclusion Although students demonstrated a generally high level of ethical decision-making competence, deficiencies in ethical sensitivity and institutional support were evident. Strengthening ethics education through case-based learning, simulation training, reflective discussions, and supportive clinical learning environments may enhance students’ ethical decision-making capabilities.

Introduction Betulin, a pentacyclic triterpenoid abundant in the outer bark of birch trees (Betula pendula Roth.), has gained significant attention in pharmaceutical research due to its potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin-regenerative properties. However, its therapeutic application is severely hindered by its extreme lipophilicity and poor aqueous solubility, leading to low bioavailability. Conventional topical formulations often fail to deliver betulin across the skin’s lipid barrier, retaining it primarily in the stratum corneum. Furthermore, while betulin exhibits efficacy against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, B. subtilis), recent studies indicate a lack of inhibitory effect on Gram-negative strains (E. coli), presenting a challenge in the comprehensive management of infected burn wounds.
To address these limitations, this study proposes a "dual-action" hybrid delivery system by integrating betulin with metallic nanoparticles (AgNPs and ZnO NPs) using nanotechnology-based platforms. These nano-structured systems—such as liposomes and nano-emulsions are designed to enhance the solubility of betulin, facilitate deep dermal penetration, and reduce systemic side effects. Simultaneously, the inclusion of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles expands the antimicrobial spectrum to include Gram-negative pathogens and provides antiseptic synergy.
This innovative approach provides a robust scientific and technological framework for developing next-generation dermatological products. By utilizing Mongolia's extensive birch forest resources, this research contributes to the production of high-value, export-oriented pharmaceutical innovations that serve as advanced alternatives to imported wound-care treatments.

Background: Teaching is a profession associated with high levels of stress. Research has shown that when job demands are high while organizational support is insufficient, levels of stress and burnout increase. Aim: Prior to conducting our study aimed at determining the stress levels among university faculty members, we performed a literature review. Materials and Methods: We conducted a literature search using the PubMed and Embase databases for studies published in English without restriction on publication year, including all relevant articles available up to September 2025. The search strategy included the following keywords: “stress,” “researchers,” “university professors,” “academic researchers,” “college,” “academics,” “scholars,” “teachers,” and “professors.” Results: We searched for English-language publications in the PubMed and Embase databases without year restrictions, including studies published up to September 2025. The search was conducted using the following mesh terms: “stress,” “researchers,” “university professors,” “academic researchers,” “college,” “academics,” “scholars,” “teachers,” and “professors.” A total of 3,961 articles were identified from the database search. After screening titles, 2,944 articles were excluded. Subsequently, 58 articles were reviewed based on their abstracts, and 12 studies that were relevant to our research objectives and questionnaire were selected for analysis. Conclusion This review study demonstrated that stress levels among university and college faculty members are high. Stress is associated with multiple factors, including workload, organizational support, and performance demands, leading to negative physical and psychological consequences. Therefore, it is necessary to implement systematic institutional-level interventions to support the well-being of faculty members.

Background: Ephedra przewalskii Stapf. is a perennial shrubby plant of the family Ephedraceae, naturally distributed in the dry and cold desert regions of Mongolia. In traditional medicine, the stems and roots of this plant have been used as decoctions for the treatment of gastrointestinal spasms, abdominal distension, urinary retention, and general fatigue. Members of the Ephedraceae family are known to contain sympathomimetic alkaloids such as ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which exert strong physiological effects on the central nervous system, respiratory tract, and cardiovascular system. However, detailed information on the tissue- and cell-level localization of biologically active compounds and the microstructural characteristics of E. przewalskii remains limited. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the microanatomical structure and histochemical characteristics of the stem and root of Ephedra przewalskii Stapf., with particular emphasis on the localization of biologically active compounds. Materials and Methods: Plant samples were collected in July from Chandmani soum, Govi-Altai province, Mongolia. The collected material was air-dried in the shade and softened using Ostrich and Fleming solution prior to sectioning. Transverse sections of the stem and root were prepared using a hand microtome and examined under an Olympus light microscope. Histochemical analyses were performed using standard reagents to detect alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, essential oils, polysaccharides, and starch. Results: The stem epidermis consisted of thin-walled, quadrangular cells with a surface covered by spherical protuberances. The stomatal apparatus exhibited a tetracytic structure, and photosynthetic activity was primarily localized in the stem chlorenchyma. The vascular bundles were collateral, with phloem located externally and xylem internally. Idioblasts containing reddish-brown crystalline inclusions were observed in the central pith of the stem. The root showed a polyarch central cylinder, with uniformly distributed, rounded parenchymal cells, and idioblasts similar to those observed in the stem. Histochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and tannins in the stem, predominantly localized in parenchymal and chlorenchymal tissues. In the root, polysaccharides, tannins, and starch were detected, whereas alkaloid accumulation was more prominent in the stem parenchyma. Conclusion The microscopic examination of Ephedra przewalskii Stapf. revealed the characteristic structures of the stem epidermis, stomata, chlorenchyma, vascular tissues, and crystal-containing idioblasts, as well as a polyarch central cylinder in the root. Histochemical reactions detected flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, starch, and polysaccharides in the stem, whereas tannins, starch, and polysaccharides were identified in the root. These findings provide a comprehensive characterization of the anatomical and chemical features of the different plant organs.

Background: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in regulating cellular responses to oxidative stress and xenobiotic exposure. However, excessive NRF2 activation can enhance cancer cell survival and contribute to chemoresistance. Therefore, increasing attention has been directed toward naturally occurring flavonoids that may modulate NRF2 activity. Molecular docking provides a computational approach for predicting potential interactions between flavonoids and NRF2 and may help identify candidate compounds for further investigation in cancer therapy. Objective: To evaluate the potential interactions of five naturally occurring flavonoids—daidzin, rutin, luteolin, apigenin, and quercetin—with the Neh1 domain of NRF2 using molecular docking and to identify promising candidates for further investigation based on docking scores and ligand efficiency. Materials and Methods: The potential interactions of five natural flavonoids, namely daidzin, rutin, luteolin, apigenin, and quercetin, with the target region of NRF2 were investigated using molecular docking. Three-dimensional structures of the flavonoids were retrieved from the PubChem database, while the NRF2 protein structure was obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Molecular docking calculations were performed using the CB-Dock2 web platform, which incorporates the AutoDock Vina algorithm. Results: The docking scores of the selected flavonoids ranged from −64.9 to −77.2. Daidzin exhibited the most favorable docking score (−77.2), followed by apigenin (−72.0) and luteolin (−71.4), whereas rutin showed the least favorable score (−64.9). The calculated RMSD values ranged from 14.766 to 15.344 Å, with relatively small differences among the ligands. Daidzin and apigenin exhibited comparatively lower RMSD values. The reported pose-clustering analysis indicated that all ligands occupied similar binding regions. In terms of ligand efficiency, apigenin (−2.40), luteolin (−2.30), and quercetin (−2.20) showed comparatively favorable values. Although daidzin had the most favorable docking score, its ligand efficiency relative to molecular size was comparatively lower. Conclusion The results suggest that daidzin and apigenin may be candidate compounds for further investigation of potential interactions with the Neh1 domain of NRF2. However, these findings are based solely on computational analysis. Further molecular dynamics simulations and experimental studies are required to validate the predicted interactions and determine their actual effects on NRF2 activity.