Ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of interrelated metabolic abnormalities including central obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose metabolism, has emerged as a major contributor to the development and progression of IHD. The presence of MetS significantly increases cardiovascular risk and worsens clinical outcomes in patients with established coronary artery disease.
We summarize current evidence on the role of metabolic syndrome in ischemic heart disease, with a focus on underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical implications. Key mechanisms linking MetS to IHD include insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and pro-thrombotic states, all of which promote atherosclerosis and plaque instability. In addition, emerging biomarkers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A₂ (Lp-PLA₂), adipokines, and inflammatory cytokines provide further insight into the complex interaction between metabolic disturbances and ischemic heart disease.
Understanding the role of metabolic syndrome in IHD is essential for early risk stratification and targeted prevention strategies. Comprehensive management of metabolic syndrome components may reduce the incidence, severity, and recurrence of ischemic heart disease. This review highlights the importance of an integrated metabolic and cardiovascular approach in the prevention and management of IHD.

Cardiovascular diseases related death rates have been declining over, but during the two decades, mortality and morbidity attributable by cardiovascular diseases are continuously taking the first place among the leading causes of morbidity and deaths among the population. Statistics show that >4 million people die each year from cardiovascular disease (CVD) causes in Europe. The World Health Organization reports that in less developed and developing countries, obesity and mortality are expected to continue to increase, depending on the age of the population and the characteristics of lifestyle.
Dyslipidaemia is characterized by elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and is a known risk factor for development and progression of atherosclerosis in CAD.
Dyslipidemia and hypertension are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and account for more than 80% of deaths and disability in low- and middle-income countries. Increased serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipid (HDL)-cholesterol and decreased low-density lipid (LDL)-cholesterol are known to be associated with major risk factors for CVD. The Framingham study and others that followed could show that HDL-C is an independent cardiovascular risk factor and that the increase of HDL-C of only 10 mg·L(-1) leads to a risk reduction of 2-3%. A recent meta-analysis, including 302.430 subjects from 68 long-term prospective studies, supported the importance of HDL-C measurement in the risk assessment for CAD.
However, data about the relationship between cardiovascular disease and lipid profile among Mongolian adult are rare in the literature. In recent years, rapid urbanization, unhealthy diet, increased life expectancy and lifestyle changes have led to an increased rate of CVD around the world.

Introduction: It is important to standardize a tincture prepared from the herb and root of Paeonia anomala L, which is widely used as a sedative in traditional medicine, based on the results of the studies its chemical composition, biological and pharmacological activities. Moreover, there is a need to carry out a quantitative stability testing in order to establish the ability to maintain quality under certain storage condition, shelf-life and to develop suitable packaging information. Materials and methods: Standardization parameters of prepared Paeonia anomala tincture have been evaluated according to WHO guidelines for the determination of crude drug material, plant preparations and finished products technical parameters, along with the Mongolian National Pharmacopoeian (MNP) and Russian XIV Pharmacopoeian methods for tincture. The color of a tincture, dry residue, special density, alcohol content, and microbiological content were determined according to the methods described in MNP. A qualitative analysis of biological active constituents has been evaluated by thin-layer chromatography, the total phenolic compounds were determined by the reaction with Folin Chicalteu reagent and total monoterpene glycosides by the reaction with hydroxylamine in alkaline solution and ferric (III) chloride following spectrophotometric examination, respectively.
The stability testing study was performed according to the “General requirements for the stability testing study of drug-active compounds” MNS-6439-2014 using the real-time methods for the standardization parameters of the tincture. Conclusions The standardized parameters of tincture prepared from the herb and root of Paeonia anomala L. were approved by the National Reference Laboratory for Food Safety analysis. Consequently, the Mongolian pharmacopoeian article on Paeonia anomala tincture was officially permitted under the number ҮФӨ-0327-2017.
The stability study of tincture was carried out according to the MNS-6439-2014 by real-time tests for 24 months which provided that the changes in tincture quality were within the permitted limits. Consequently, it can conclude that the storage condition and shelf-time of Paeonia anomala tincture are 2 years under not above 25°С.