1.Metastatic Malignant Pheochromocytoma Driven by DNMT3A Somatic Mutation
Vijayrama Rao Sambamoorthy ; Zanariah Hussein ; Anthony Louis Kindu
Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies 2026;41(S1):26-27
Introduction:
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are
rare neuroendocrine tumors with high heritability. While
most are benign, approximately 25% are malignant,
defined by distant metastases. Molecular classification has
identified three clusters, with Cluster 3 (Wnt-signaling)
being exclusively somatic and associated with aggressive
behavior. We report a rare case of metastatic malignant
pheochromocytoma driven by a somatic DNMT3A
mutation, highlighting its unique imaging characteristics
and rapid clinical progression.
Case:
A 55-year-old female presented with paroxysmal hypertension, headache, and a 10-kg weight loss. Biochemical
workup revealed markedly elevated 24-hour urine
metanephrines (163 × ULN) and normetanephrines (47 ×
ULN). Imaging confirmed a 15-cm left adrenal mass with
liver and widespread skeletal metastases. Functional
imaging demonstrated a striking mixed avidity: liver
metastases were predominantly fluorodeoxyglucoseavid (SUVmax 7.0), skeletal lesions showed high Ga-68
DOTATATE avidity (SUVmax 6.9), and the primary tumor
exhibited the strongest avidity on 131 I-MIBG scan. Whole
Exome Sequencing identified a rare pathogenic somatic
variant in the DNMT3A gene (c.2645G>A) with no other
germline or somatic mutations in known susceptibility
genes. Despite adequate alpha-blockade and supportive
care, the patient developed acute liver failure and
coagulopathy, rendering her unfit for any form of invasive
intervention and finally succumbing to the disease within
3 months of presentation.
Conclusion
This case underscores the aggressive nature of Cluster
3 PPGLs associated with DNMT3A mutations, which
likely promote tumorigenesis via Wnt-pathway activation
and epigenetic dysregulation. The discordant functional
imaging reflects significant tumor heterogeneity, which
may complicate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Given the rarity of DNMT3A-mutated PPGL (<1% of cases),
this case report emphasizes the necessity of comprehensive
molecular profiling in advanced disease to refine risk
stratification and guide the development of precisionbased palliative management in rapidly progressive cases.


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