Introduction: Problems related to sleep affect approximately 23-56% of the world’s population. In Mongolia, the prevalence of non-organic sleep disorders is estimated at 27.9%, among which 42.2% of the population have poor sleep quality. Long-term insomnia can have a negative impact on an individual’s normal work and life, increasing the risk of various health problems. Severe insomnia can reduce work efficiency and concentration, thereby causing serious harm. Traditional medicine has a long history of treating insomnia. However, there are currently no systematic studies on insomnia based on ancient traditional medical books. Methods & Materials: “Gjes bsdus snying nor”. We adopted the checklist method to list the relevant information of insomnia from the literature, providing a prerequisite for further analysis and the issue of syndrome differentiation of insomnia was analyzed by using comparison and theoretical analysis methods.
The research materials we selected did not describe insomnia as a dedicated chapter, but mentioned the content related to insomnia in the form of disease symptoms, such as terms like “sleeplessness”, “reduced sleep” and “light sleep”. We explore the underlying diseases of insomnia based on the above symptoms related to insomnia and analyze the syndrome differentiation of insomnia. Exploring the primary disease of insomnia:
1. Sleeplessness is mentioned among the common symptoms of wind disease, wind palpitation and bone marrow wind, heart wind and lung wind diseases also respectively present with symptoms of reduced sleep.
2. Heat Tri-pa and heart Tri-pa disease can lead to reduced sleep.
3. Mugpo spreads to the heart, it can cause sleeplessness.
4. Deficiency heat, Invisible heat and epidemic heat etc. can present with symptoms such as reduced sleep and light sleep.
5. Wind induced diabetes can also cause reduced sleep.
6. Palpitations and rheumatic heart disease can cause symptoms of reduced sleep.
7. Trichomoniasis can also lead to symptoms of reduced sleep.
These underlying diseases have both similar symptoms and differences, and they need to be differentiated. Conclusion According to our research, the syndrome types of insomnia include wind, Tri-pa, mugpo and microorganisms. Treatment should be based on syndrome differentiation, combining the treatment of the underlying disease with hypnotherapy.

Introduction: The development of Mongolian traditional medicine (MTM) has historical roots in Indian Ayurvedic and Tibetan medical systems. The Four Medical Tantras significantly influenced MTM’s education, theory, and practice. Disease classifications within the Four Medical Tantras have long been foundational for diagnosis, treatment, and teaching.
Mongolian scholar Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan expanded the Four Medical Tantras’ classification system in his seminal work, A Comprehensive Explanation of Disease Differentiation from the Decrees of Khamba Nomun Khan. This study compares disease classifications from this work with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) specific to Traditional Medicine (TM). Goal: To analyze and compare the disease classifications in A Comprehensive Explanation of Disease Differentiation from the Decrees of Khamba Nomun Khan with ICD-10 TM classifications, providing detailed insights. Methods: The study utilized the following materials:
• Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan’s A Comprehensive Explanation of Disease Differentiation from the Decrees of Khamba Nomun Khan.
• ICD-10 classifications of diseases. Research methods included source study, comparative analysis, and systematic categorization. Results: Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan authored four volumes comprising 79 sections and 220 chapters, detailing 404 diseases classified by “place,” “cause,” “nature,” and “root.” While aligned with the Four Medical Tantras, his classifications offer deeper specificity, such as diseases caused by combinations of the five vital energies (wind, bile, phlegm, etc.).
This study focused on 101 diseases classified by “place” and 101 by “cause” for comparison. The ICD-10 TM classification system organizes diseases into 15 segments based on diagnostic criteria and etiology. A comparative analysis of the 202 diseases from Lama Gegeen’s text revealed alignment and divergence in categorization principles. Conclusion Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan’s “A Comprehensive Explanation of Disease Differentiation” (1639–1704), written in Tibetan, provides an extensive classification of 404 diseases. While the ICD-10 TM system organizes diseases into 15 categories with etiology-based diagnostics, it lacks the detailed elaboration found in Lama Gegeen’s work. Integrating these classification systems could enhance diagnostics, treatment strategies, and research in traditional medicine.