Background: Problems related to sleep affect approximately 23-56% of the world’s population. In Mongolia, the prevalence of non-organic sleep disorders is estimated at 27.9%, among which 42.2% of the population have poor sleep quality. Long-term insomnia can have a negative impact on an individual’s normal work and life, increasing the risk of various health problems. Severe insomnia can reduce work efficiency and concentration, thereby causing serious harm. Traditional medicine has a long history of treating insomnia. However, there are currently no systematic studies on insomnia based on ancient traditional medical books. Goal: Based on the ancient medical literature of traditional medicine, identify the underlying diseases that cause insomnia and compare their symptoms. Materials and Methods: We adopted the checklist method to list the relevant information of insomnia from the literature, providing a prerequisite for further analysis and the issue of syndrome differentiation of insomnia was analyzed by using comparison methods.
The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences at its meeting on June 24, 2025 (No. 04), and ethical clearance was granted for the conduct of this study. Results: The research materials we selected did not describe insomnia as a dedicated chapter, but mentioned the content related to insomnia in the form of disease symptoms, such as terms like ”sleeplessness”, ”reduced sleep” and ”light sleep”. We explore the underlying diseases of insomnia based on the above symptoms related to insomnia and analyze the syndrome differentiation of insomnia. Exploring the underlying disease of insomnia:
1. Insomnia caused by diseases resulting from Wind include Wind delirium, palpitations, bone marrow Wind, heart Wind, lung Wind, Wind-induced diabetes, Wind tsbs.
2. Insomnia caused by diseases resulting from Bile include heat Bile, heart Bile, liver sdembu, deficiency heat, Invisible heat and epidemic heat.
3. Other diseases include mugpo spreads to the heart, heart chuser, trichomoniasis and childhood evil spirit disease.
We also compared the symptoms of the underlying diseases that cause insomnia and listed their similarities and differences. Conclusion The underlying etiologies of insomnia were categorized into Wind, Bile, Mugpo, yellow fluid, parasitic and evil spirit disorders. Accordingly, effective management of insomnia requires differentiation based on the primary disease and an individualized treatment approach that integrates both etiological and symptomatic therapies.

Introduction: In traditional medicine, theories concerning the causes of disease have historically developed in close association with Buddhist philosophical thought. This interrelationship is consistently reflected in the works of prominent physicians and scholars from India, Tibet, and Mongolia. Öösöö törsön ukhaan nert khanii tuuj by Undur Gegeen Zanabazar presents disease causation through symbolic and narrative expressions. A comparative examination of this work alongside classical medical treatises provides a conceptual framework for understanding the integration of philosophical doctrine and medical theory. Goal: The objective of this study is to comparatively examine the concept of disease causation articulated in Öösöö törsön ukhaan nert khanii tuuj and the explanations presented in the classical texts Four Medical Tantras and Altan Khadmal. Materials and Methods: The primary materials for this study consist of Öösöö törsön ukhaan nert khanii tuuj by Undur Gegeen Zanabazar and foundational classical texts of traditional medicine. The research employs an integrated methodological approach combining source criticism, hermeneutic analysis, comparative methods, and analysis–synthesis. Key terms, semantic meanings, and symbolic narratives within the selected sources were systematically analyzed and compared. Results The results demonstrate that the symbolic depictions of ignorance, anger, and desire in Öösöö törsön ukhaan nert khanii tuuj are conceptually consistent with the theory of distant (root) causes of disease as described in classical traditional medical texts. While classical medical texts articulate disease causation through structured philosophical and logical frameworks, the narrative form of the tuuj conveys equivalent theoretical content through imagery and symbolism, thereby enhancing conceptual accessibility.
These findings suggest that Undur Gegeen Zanabazar’s teachings constitute a comprehensive intellectual system integrating Buddhist philosophy, religious doctrine, and the theoretical foundations of traditional medicine. Symbolic narrative thus emerges as a coherent and effective mode for transmitting medical knowledge within the broader traditional epistemological context.

Background: Some scholars believe that the study ancient medical works to gain insight into their scientific concepts and correctly understand the profound techniques of doctors are very important to development of traditional medicine in the 21st century. In “The WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014-2023”, strengthen the study of traditional medical books is mentioned. According to epidemiological surveys, gallstones are a common disease worldwide. In the “Oral Instruction Tantra”, pathogenesis and treatment of gallstones mentioned and further refined in the Interpretation books. Although in modern times, doctors have published many papers and books on traditional medical treatment of gallstones and their pathogenesis based on the contents of ancient books and their own clinical experience, but in-depth analysis of the literature information and explanations have not been mentioned in detail. Goal : According to the traditional medical theory to analyze the pathogenesis of bile’s Tri-pa tumor or gallstones and the mechanism of some drug action. Materials and methods: In our study, we used the book named “Oral Instruction Tantra” as main reference material and for research methods, we used the checklist method to list relevant information about the pathogenesis of gallstones and Nemert Yvuunii Uns-10 traditional drug from the literature, so as to provide preconditions for further analysis. The pathogenesis of gallstones and the action mechanism of Nemert Yvuunii Uns-10 were analyzed by theoretical analysis methods and the analysis-synthesis method was used to summarize the analysis results.
The study was carried out in accordance with “Academic Staff Code of Ethics” in the appendix of Ministerial Decree No. 454 in 2007.12.03 by Ministry of Education, Culture and Science,Mongolia. Results : Affected by constitution, unaccustomed diet, inharmonious diet and naturally difficult to digest food, stomach fire reduced leads to food can not be corroded by decomposing phlegm, can not be melting by digestive bile and can not be separated by fire-accompanying wind. This causes food waste enter the nutritional essence which is transported to the liver. The pathological blood is produced when color-producing bile in the liver processes nutritional essence and eventually, bile’s Tri-pa tumor or gallstones are caused by the accumulation of bile deposits from the pathological blood under the influence of wind.
We using Mongolian medicine theory to analyze the mechanism of action of Nemert Yvuunii Uns-10 in treating gallstones. In the prescription, Manufactured Monetaria moneta (Linnaeus), Calcitum and Boar dung are main ingredients, Have a crushing Tri-pa tumor or gallstones effect. The function of the Aucklandia lappa Decne supplement the efficacy of the main ingredients. Trogopterori Faeces, Lagotis Integrifolia and Carthamus tinctorius L. treat pathologic blood in the liver. Gentiana Barbata and Herpetospermum caudigerum Wall hava a reducing bile heat effect. Punica granatum L. has the effect of increasing stomach fire and promoting digestive function. Terminalia chebula Retz. homogenize the three humorus. Conclusions Reduced stomach fire leads to the production of pathological blood in the liver and eventually accumulation of deposits in bile is the cause of bile’s Tri-pa tumor or gallstones. The mechanism of action of Nemert Yvuunii Uns-10 traditional drug for treat bile’s Tri-pa tumor or gallstones is by breaking stones, treating pathological blood, reducing bile heat, increasing stomach fire to promote digestion and homogenizing the three elements

Introduction: The development of Mongolian Traditional Medicine has been closely related to the Indian Ayurvedic medicine in the beginning, and the history of Tibetan medicine since the late middle ages. Therefore, it was impossible to conduct a study without including the historical texts of Tibetan medicine within history of Mongolian Traditional medicine. The scientists from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China included "Materia medica of Tara", "Materia medica of Manjushri", "Materia medica of Yuthog” in the traditional medicinal ancient scripture. However, in recent times, although it has been considered that the "Ocean of medicine names" scripture of Karmapa Rangjung Dorje (1284-1339), the 3rd incarnating lama of Buddhist Karmapa sect should be included in the ancient reference book of pharmacology of Traditional medicine, there is no study aimed to study the ancient medicine in detail. Due to that we aimed to study the ancient pharmacology reference book in detail. Goal: We aimed to clarify the hidden meaning, science or use of the names of raw materials in the fauna of the "Ocean of medicine names". Materials and Methods: We conducted the study by using manuscripts, primary source methods, checklist method, and analysis synthesis method. We have used following materials Ocean of medicine names and Beautiful eyed ornament. Results: Karmapa Rangjung Dorje's " Ocean of medicine names" was a novel written in the form of a narrative of the properties of 768 medicinal raw materials divided into 11 groups. When these 11 groups were divided into plant, animal, and mineral raw materials, the percentage of each was determined as following: plants 462 (60.2%), 130 (17%), 91, 127 (16.5%), 23 (3%), and 26 (3.3%) of these raw materials from plants, minerals, animals, raw materials, extracts and tincture, respectively.
Also, the fauna was divided into humans, large meat, meat products, bones, vital bones, horns, bile, feathers, hair, feces, oil, milk, yogurt, and others. We differentially counted them by 8 faunas of animals and identified 90 animals and 116 raw material types. Conclusion There are more than 1.5 million species of all kinds of animals in the world. Most of these are occupied by insects. Forests, mountains, steppes, deserts, oceans, rivers, farmlands, urban gardens, homes, and any part of the biosphere are bound to encounter animals.
Medicines of animal origin occupy a very important place in modern medicine. High biologically active hormones and enzymes are extracted from internal and external excretory glands of animals and used for treatment. Lungs, eyes, blood, and bile are valuable raw materials for medicine.

Background: Traditional Mongolian medicine is one of the heritage which inherited since ancient times of nomadic culture. The radical culture of Mongolian medicine is related to shamanism and initially, it was inherited as “Dhom zasal” among folks and it was written and popular as “Sutra of Dhom” and “Sutra of Black Dhom”.
Thus, to define the fundamental knowledge and methods of traditional cure by analysing from those scriptures like, sutras and fetishism is the unavoidable and historical duties for the contemporary medical researchers. Therefore, our mission was to study and recognize the historical facts of the reason, situation and the generative factors of birth of remedies. Material and Method: We used following study methods; manuscripts, primary source methods, hermeneutic method, and historical comparative method.
The study materials were more than 20 sutras which have not studied fully. Furthermore, we used scientist’s creatures and textbooks related to dhom zasal. Results: It is important for define that, in which developmental period of Mongolian traditional medicine, the mantic cure was formed and what it has been through to be inherited nowadays. If could do so, it would be more accessible and orderly.
Recently, our medical researchers have reached to substantial success in study of medical history and have come with conclusive result that the Mongolian traditional medicine has to be properly staged into six developmental periods.
Further, the researchers have identified not only developmental stages of traditional medicine, but defined stages of development of medical science in Mongolia.
Regarding to this developmental definition, formation of traditional remedies is belonged to the stage of observation-based curing technique collecting (from prehistoric to 209 AD) period. Conclusion From our study, based on resources and factual statements, we found that, Dhom in Mongolian means remedies which were initiated at primitive time due to their physical unwellness and improved and developed from time to time. In fact, at the beginning, the remedy methods were empirical, with no adequate sequences and involuntary, but it had been developed time by time throughout, experiment and observations.

Introduction: It is important to study old medical books written by the afore time doctors and deeply realize scientific based concepts in these books and understand the reference and deep meaning medical secret of the traditional doctors which are the basis of the traditional medical development of 21st century. The main research direction to address this issue is to study and develop traditional medicines. Goal: The goal of the research is to study Biography and writing of Hambo Shivatso, and features of “Hundred thousand herbs of Tara”. Objectives:
1. To clarify biography of Khambo Shiva Tso
2. To clarify contribution and scripts of Khambo Shiva Tso to Medicine.
3. To identify some of advantages and individuality of “The hundred thousand herbs of Tara”. Materials and Methods: We conducted the study by using original manuscript analysis, biographical research method, checklist method and analysis and synthesis method. We have used following materials as main resourse: “The hundred thousand herbs of Tara” which is “།སྒྲོལ་མ་སྔོ་འབུམ།” written by Khambo Shiva Tso in Tibetan-Chinese publishing was used as a main material and “The Wonderful Illumination To The Understanding Of Knowledge” by Jambaldorj, “Crystal rosary” by Danzanpuntsag, “White Crystal Dictionary Of Medicie” by Sumbe Khambo Ishbaljir and “Blue Annals” by Shonnupel Goy-Lotsava were used as an auxiliary material in current study. Furthermore, we used “Tibetan-Mongolian Medical dictionary” by Galsan.S and “Tibetan-Mongolian complex dictionary” for translating study materials from Tibetan.
We took a permission to conduct the current study from the National University of Inner Mongolia and the study subject and methods were confirmed. Due to the study was conducted by historical source method, in each and every citation we took from scripts, we put the author’s name to not infringe any copyright. Result:
1. The Khanchen Shiva Tso was born as a prince in 725 of Common era in Sakhor which is now Rewalsar at Himachal Pradesh, India. He spent his youth to study in Nalandra monastery. Furthermore, he was invited to Tibet by invitation of Tisron Devzan king in 767. He contributed to translate The Great Tibetan Buddhist sutra (Ganjur), main scripts of buddhism, Major and Minor ten scripts from Hindu to Tibetan.
2. His creatures and scripts have become the fundament of all yoga types and meditation nowadays. In other words, his scripts made the beginning of non-drug therapy. And from“Hundred thousand herbs of Tara” we can know the Khambo Shiva Tso was owned great knowlegde regarding buddhist major and minor ten wisdoms, in particular pharmacology and nutrition.
3. In “Hundred thousand herbs of Tara” script outer features, taste, medicinal usage of more than 200 herbs as well as the appropriate time of collecting and preparing these herbs were written comprehensively. Furthermore much more detailed explanations were written in this script and it is assumed that Mongolian scientist used these scripts for their creatures and books. Conclusion The Khambo Shiva Tso is popular scientist in Tibet and he wrote number of scripts and books regarding middle path, meditation and contributed to translate scripts from Sanskrit to Tibetan. The main creature he wrote by his own and made him to connect Medicine is the reference book “Hundred thousand herbs of Tara” which was about medicinal raw materials of herb, this is the most ancient reference book of pharmacology translated from Sanskrit to Tibetan.

Introduction: Due to the dhom zasal is Mongolian’s root medicine, it contains rich of nomadic historical knowdledge regarding traditional medicine. Although during the recent years, studies regarding scripts of dhom zasal have been conducting frequently and collecting and saving several number of dhom scriptures, there is lack of studies regarding their content. Therefore, we decided to conduct the current study to identify causes, conditions and evidences related to historical development of dhom zasal. Goal: We aimed to integrate and compare more than 20 studies in a range of title “Study regarding Script of traditional Mongolian medicine and its ingredients in Sutra of Black Dhom” Method: We conducted the study by using manuscripts, primary source methods, checklist method, historical comparative method and analysis synthesis method.
We have used following materials khukh khutsiin uvdis orshvoi, sutras of dhom, dhom related research papers, and books.
We took a permission to conduct the current study from the National University of Inner Mongolia and the study subject and methods were confirmed. Due to the study was conducted by historical source method, in each and every citation we took from scripts, we put the author’s name to not infringe any copyright. Results: Within in the study, we reviewed more than 20 Sutra of Dhom and from all the sutras, the sutra titled “khukh khutsiin uvdis orshvoi” attracted our attention inconsiderably due to the decree of Great Chinggis khan dedicated to Chaghatai khan was included in the script. Furthermore, the script was written in Mongolian script and it was studied not thoroughly as well as contains a wide range of information.
The decree in the sutra of Dhom is the historical, rare record which contains novel information related to traditional Mongolian medicine history. Although the exact issue date of decree is still unknown, while thinking back about the state status when the decree issued, it was assumed that could be issued during the time between 1226-1227 years. During this time, many of Sartuul nationalities, civilizations was highly developed and many therapists were working and Medicine was well developed in that time. Moreover, Chaghatai khan was introduced as a khan for a period of time, due to that he could aware of culture, and achievements of medicine of his country. Due to that the Great Chinggis khan could have sent a decree to Chaghatai khan to find an effective treatment method. But there was lack information regarding who got which disease and what medicine was needed. Therefore, they assumed that disease have occurred among soldiers who are the most significant part of guarding the state and sent therapeutic Dhoms according to most prevalent disease among soldiers. Conclusion We translated whole of sutra titled “Khukh khutsiin uvdis orshvoi” as an example due to the sutra contains wide range of information and was written in Mongolian script. Also, the decree of Great Chinggis khan was included in the sutra. Due to the reasons above, we have chosen the sutra from many others. Furthermore, we made an explanation regarding some of complicated words and dhoms were classified according to their dedicated disorders.

Introduction: It is significant to translate medical texts having a beginning source of Ayurveda and identifyMongolian doctors, maaramba’s works and books on prescription as well as treatment methods that meetour culture, living condition and climate. Especially, we should clarify the new ideas includes innovatedtheories, which became paradigm not only Traditional Mongolian Medicine but also in Tibetan Medicine.Thus, it has become important to introduce and use in the training for students and practitioners the “FourAmbrosia Essences” and “Dictionary of Drug Identification” by Sumbe Khamba Ishbaljir (1704-1788).Goal: The aim of this study is to investigate “Four Ambrosia Essences” and “Dictionary of Drug Identificationby Sumbe Khamba Ishbaljir and to clarify the new idea of theory and treatment methods created by him.Materials and Method: “Source of Spring” (བདདུ ་ར་ིྩ ཆ་ུ རནུྱྒ ), “White Dew of Spring” (བདདུ ་ར་ིྩ ཟལི ་དཀར), “Drop of Spring”(བདདུ ་ར་ིྩ ཐགི ་པ), “Wedding of Spring” (བདདུ ་ར་ིྩ དགའ་སནོྟ ” by the Sumbe Khamba Ishbaljir were the main materials in thisstudy. In addition, we used to take some sort of sources and manuscripts that related to our studies andcomparative historical method, analysis and synthesis method were used in the studies.Results: According to resources we found, Sumbe khamba Ishbaljor detailed a number of new theoreticaland practical concepts which were never or seldom mentioned in The Four Medical Tantras, in his bookRashaany Dusal (“Drop of Spring”). He expanded the list of common diseases from three wind (khii), bile(shar), phlegm (badgan) to 6 (wind, bile, phlegm, blood, yellow fluid (shar us), nyan or khorkhoi (virus andbacteria) and prescribed treatments for each of them. In addition, he established a concept of 10 importantdiseases and gave them satiric names making them easy to read and understand as well as taught theways to treat them.Ishbaljir developed the traditional medicine and made a reform in it by the discovery of three more causesof diseases blood, bile us and bacteria in addition to the existing causes wind, bile and phlegm. His theorywas that disease causes are wind, bile, phlegm, blood, yellow fluid, and bacteria or virus individually and\or combined. Wind, bile, phlegm, blood, yellow fluid, and bacteria or virus called as diseases. Ishbaljir’sconcept of bacteria duplicates that of some Noble Prize laureates. At the beginning of the 20 century, anAustralian scholar Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren won the Noble Prize for their discovery of the“Bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease” in 2005.Conclusions:1. Sumbe Khamba Ishbaljir expanded the list of common diseases from 3 wind (khii), bile (shar), phlegm(badgan) to 6 (wind, bile, phlegm, blood, yellow fluid (shar us), nyan or khorkhoi (virus and bacteria)and prescribed treatments for each of them.2. Sumbe Khamba Ishbaljir established a concept of 10 important diseases and gave them satiric namesmaking them easy to read and understand as well as taught the ways to treat them.3. The Four Medical Tantras did not mention stomach bacteria. It is pity that Sumbe Khamba Ishbaljirfound out the stomach bacteria disease in the 18th century.