Background: By supporting the production of domestic substitutes for essential medicines listed in Mongolia’s national drug policy, pharmaceutical companies are enabled to ensure product quality assurance, conduct safety monitoring and research, and carry out quality control and certification of medicines. Therefore, ongoing quality assessment is essential to ensure that domestically manufactured medicines meet established standards before they can replace imported alternatives. This study seeks to assess whether the quality parameters of both locally produced and imported 500 mg Chloramphenicol capsules available in the Mongolian pharmaceutical market conform to the requirements of the Mongolian National Pharmacopoeia. Aim: To compare and study the quality parameters of certain domestically manufactured and imported chloramphenicol capsule formulations in accordance with pharmacopoeial standards Materials and Methods: This study examined four types of 0.5 g Chloramphenicol capsules: three domestically produced (X1, X2, X4) and one imported (X3). The evaluation included tests for identification, average weight, weight variation, dissolution, disintegration, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), assay, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and microbiological analysis, following the standards outlined in the Mongolian National Pharmacopoeia 2011 (MNP 2011), United States Pharmacopeia 39 (USP 39), Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18 (JP 18), and Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 (ChP 2020). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22.0. Result: The purity analysis of samples X1, X2, X3, and X4 indicated that all met the applicable standards. Among them, X1 and X3 complied with pharmacopoeial requirements for identification, weight variation, dissolution, active ingredient assay, and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). In contrast, X4 failed the identification test and had a low active ingredient content, while both X2 and X4 exhibited inadequate dissolution, suggesting non-compliance with standard requirements. Furthermore, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis based on USP criteria revealed that neither X1 nor X3 met the specified limits. Conclusion Among the four Chloramphenicol capsule samples analyzed, only X1 and X3 met the pharmacopoeial standards. The non-compliance of X2 and X4 underscores the importance of continuous monitoring and quality assessment of domestically manufactured pharmaceuticals.

Background: RNA-based therapeutics are rapidly advancing in clinical trials for the treatment of various diseases, particularly cancer, through the use of nucleic acid–based drugs that directly regulate gene expression at the molecular level and suppress transcription by degrading target RNA via small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Genetic studies have shown that overexpression of the MYC proto-oncogene, caused by genomic amplification, is observed in up to 70% of hepatocellular carcinoma cases associated with viral infections and alcohol-related liver disease. The MYC proto-oncogene influences key signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin, and MAPK/ERK in hepatocellular carcinoma, thereby enhancing protein synthesis required for tumor cell growth, increasing transcriptional activity, promoting tumor progression, and enabling immune evasion. Consequently, the concept of inhibiting the MYC oncogene has gained increasing attention. Aim: To design multi-transcript–specific siRNAs targeting the MYC proto-oncogene using bioinformatics approaches and to investigate their effects on hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Materials and Methods: Using an in silico experimental design, 15 transcript candidates encoding a specific protein of the MYC proto-oncogene were retrieved from Ensembl and aligned to identify the most conserved regions across all transcripts, which were then used for subsequent siRNA prediction. Selected coding sequence (CDS) variants were analyzed using siDirect 2.1, and three candidate variants were further validated based on the following criteria: siExplorer ≥ 60, OligoWalk ≥ 0.7, and siPRED ≥ 70%. The GC content of the siRNA duplexes, the presence of palindromic sequences in both antisense and sense strands, and the specificity of binding to the target mRNA sites were predicted. Additionally, the three-dimensional structure of the protein was modeled. Results: By aligning transcript candidates encoding a specific protein of the MYC proto-oncogene and identifying the most conserved regions, three potential candidate variants (s1, s2, s3) were predicted and further validated: s1 (siExplorer ≥ 79.9, OligoWalk ≥ 0.9, siPRED ≥ 85.5%), s2 (siExplorer ≥ 64.2, OligoWalk ≥ 0.87, siPRED ≥ 91.9%), s3 (siExplorer ≥ 67.7, OligoWalk ≥ 0.81, siPRED ≥ 91.6%). The siRNA sequences exhibited recommended GC content and showed no off-target binding. When modeling the three-dimensional structure by incorporating the predicted antisense siRNA strand into the spatial structure of Ago2, the siRNA was positioned in a biologically compatible manner within the PAZ–MID domain region, and the siRNA–Ago2 complex remained stable in its final conformation. Conclusion In this study, three multi-transcript–specific siRNAs targeting MYC proto-oncogene mRNA were successfully designed as potential therapeutic candidates against hepatocellular carcinoma. The selected siRNAs demonstrated strong binding affinity to Ago2. Further validation through in vitro and in vivo studies is required.

Background: Over the past decade, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained considerable attention in biomedical research due to their unique physicochemical properties and intrinsic biological activity. Their nanoscale dimensions, high surface-to-volume ratio, and tunable surface chemistry make them promising candidates for advanced drug delivery applications. AgNP-based systems provide a versatile platform for controlled and site-specific drug release, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic side effects. This review article summarizes the properties of zeolites enhanced with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Drug delivery systems incorporating AgNPs operate through both passive and active targeting mechanisms to transport therapeutic agents, including antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and anticancer compounds, to specific tissues or pathological sites. The performance of these systems is largely governed by the physicochemical characteristics of AgNPs, such as particle size, morphology, surface charge, stability, and surface functionalization. Surface modification enables improved biocompatibility, enhanced drug loading capacity, and controlled release kinetics. Furthermore, the inherent antibacterial activity of AgNPs contributes synergistically to therapeutic outcomes, particularly in the treatment of infected wounds and biofilm-associated infections. Materials and Methods: This review article was prepared by selecting and analyzing relevant publications indexed in Scopus and Web of Science published between 2005 and 2025, focusing on characteristics of AgNPs, drug delivery systems based on zeolites modified with AgNPs and their applications. Conclusion Silver nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems represent an advanced and multifunctional therapeutic platform. Their capacity for targeted, sustained, and controlled drug release, combined with intrinsic antimicrobial activity, offers significant advantages over conventional delivery systems. These properties position AgNPs as promising materials for the development of next-generation biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.

Background: The genus Thalictrum belongs to the family Ranunculaceae Juss. and comprises approximately 200 species distributed worldwide. Most species occur in temperate regions, although a few are also found in lowland areas. Approximately 43 species of Thalictrum have traditionally been used as medicinal raw materials due to their notable therapeutic properties and reported efficacy. These plants have traditionally been used to treat a wide range of conditions, including infectious diseases, nervous system disorders, joint diseases, intestinal inflammation, gingivitis, tumors, jaundice, pneumonia, and other pulmonary inflammatory conditions. They have also been used for wound healing, reducing fever, treating gastric and duodenal ulcers, managing eye disorders and headaches, restoring physical strength, promoting diuresis, alleviating digestive disturbances, stimulating intestinal peristalsis to facilitate bowel movements, supporting recovery after illness, and treating snakebites. Phytochemical investigations have revealed that Thalictrum species contain diverse bioactive constituents, including alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, fatty acids, and phenolic compounds. These compounds have been associated with various pharmacological properties, particularly antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and antitumor activities. Therefore, Thalictrum minus, a species that is widely distributed in Mongolia but whose chemical composition and biological activities have not yet been comprehensively investigated, was selected for the present study. Aim: To determine total phenolic and flavonoid content of crude extracts of this plant. To investigate the antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity were determined using spectrophotometer methods using extracts from the aerial parts of T. minus. Dried flowering plant material of Thalictrum minus, taxonomically identified by the Botanical Garden of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, was obtained from the Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mongolian University of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, with gallic acid as the reference standard, and absorbance was measured at 760 nm. Total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined using an aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, with rutin as the reference standard, and absorbance was measured at 500 nm. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay. Plant extracts at different concentrations were mixed with DPPH solution and incubated in the dark for 30 min. Absorbance was measured at 517 nm using an Agilent BioTek Epoch 2 microplate reader, with quercetin as the positive control. Radical-scavenging activity was calculated as a percentage, and IC₅₀ values were determined from concentration–response curves. All measurements were performed in triplicate or quadruplicate, and results were expressed as IC₅₀±standard deviation (SD). Results: The total phenolic, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of the aerial parts of T. minus, a plant species growing in Mongolia, were evaluated using spectrophotometric methods. The total phenolic content of the aerial parts of Thalictrum minus L. was determined using gallic acid as the reference standard. The absorbance was measured at 500 nm, and the content was calculated using the calibration equation (y=0.6947x + 0.0046, R²=0.9997), yielding a total phenolic content of 5.38±0.09%. The total flavonoid content was determined using rutin as the reference standard and calculated using the calibration equation (y=0.3089x +0.0112, R²=0.9960), yielding a content of 2.04±0.16%. The antioxidant activity of the aerial-part extract was evaluated using the DPPH free-radical scavenging assay, which yielded an IC₅₀ value of 66.09 µg/mL. Conclusion The contents of selected bioactive secondary metabolites in the aerial parts of Thalictrum minus were determined. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the aerial-part extracts was evaluated in comparison with reference standards, demonstrating that the extracts possess antioxidant activity.

Background: New cases of cancer and cancer-related deaths are high in Mongolia. Therefore, it is a priority to develop anticancer drugs based on recent scientific achievements, successes, and major theoretical concepts. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology, including pharmaceutical engineering, is developing rapidly, and the problem of drug delivery to tumor-triggered organs, tissues, and cells has been studied at many levels. Drug delivery systems are divided into organic, inorganic, and complex nanocarriers based on their physicochemical properties. The specificity of drug targeting to tumor-triggered organs, tissues, and cells can be explained by passive and active targeting mechanisms. The passive delivery mechanism of drugs to tissues and cells is related to the tumor microenvironment and vascularization, while the active delivery mechanism is related to the principle of binding to specific receptors on the surface of tumor-transformed cells and releasing the drugs into the cell. Conclusion Extensive research in this area in Mongolia has many benefits for the development of anti-cancer drugs.

Introduction: Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which is used in traditional medicine, has the ability to remove blood-drying heat. Chiazospermum erectum Bernh. has the ability to relieve typhoid fever and poison fever. Carthamus tinctorius L. has antiseptic, analgesic and anti-toxic properties. Saussurea amara L. has bactericidal, anti-infective, and anti-inflammatory properties. Researchers found that the Hepaclin-4 recipe has antioxidant, membrane-strengthening, liver-protective, necrosis-preventing, detoxification, and peroxidation product accumulation-reducing properties. Therefore, extracting the granular medicine form from the concentrated extract containing the Hepaclin-4 formulation is the basis of our research work. Goal: To obtain the granular medicine form from the concentrated extract containing ingredients of the Hepaclin-4 recipe. Materials and Methods: The research was carried out with the support of the Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and the University of Pharmaceutical Sciences. The raw materials for the Hepaclin-4 formula were extracted by remaceration with water, 40% ethanol, and 70% ethanol (1:10 ratio). Six types of granules were extracted from the concentrated extract using several excipients by the wet granulation method, and the pouring weight and flowability were determined. Results: The quality index of the concentrated extract of the Hepaclin-4 recipe complies with the standards outlined in the 11th Pharmacopoeia of the National Pharmacopoeia of Mongolia. In qualitative analysis of total flavonoid, spots were detected at the same level as standard quercetin (Rf=0.88) and rutin (Rf=0.4), indicating the presence of flavonoids. According to the results of the above research, lactose was found to be the suitable filler for extracting granules, and starch at 8% was identified as the appropriate binding agent from the concentrated extract of the Hepaclin-4 formula. Conclusion It was found suitable to select 8% lactose as a filler and starch as a binding agent from the concentrated extract of the Hepaclin-4 formula and obtain a granule drug form using the wet granulation method.

Background: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a degenerative neuromuscular disease that causes progressive muscle weakness and atrophy due to the loss of the motor neurons. Approximately 95% of patients with SMA are homozygous for the deletion of SMN1 exon 7. With an incidence of 1/10.000 and a carrier frequency of 1/40 to 1/50, SMA is the most common genetic cause of death in infants. Purpose: To detect homozygous deletion of SMN1 exon 7 and to analyse the SMN1 copy number by molecular genetic analysis. Materials and Methods: In this study, 3 SMA patients with SMN1 gene homozygous deletion and 17 people of their relatives were included. Molecular genetic analysis was performed in the Central Scientific Research Laboratory of the Institute of Medical Sciences. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood, and its purity was assessed by spectrophotometer. Homozygous deletion of SMN1 gene was analyzed with allele-specific PCR, and the SMN1 gene copy number was evaluated by real-time PCR. Results: Among the five participants diagnosed with SMA by clinical symptom and electromyographic test, three cases were found to have homozygous deletion of exon 7 of the SMN1 gene, while two cases did not exhibit such mutation by the allele specific PCR analysis.
The mean age of study participants was 27.76±16.07 (ranging from 8 months to 52 years). Six of the 7 relatives of the first proband had 1 copy number of SMN1 (0.75±0.29) or were carriers of SMA, while one had 3 copy numbers (2.99) or no deletion of SMN1 gene. Additionally, 6 of the 7 individuals of the second proband had 1 copy number of the SMN1 gene (0.72±0.14), and 1 person had 2 copy numbers. All 3 relatives of the third proband had 1 copy number of SMN1 gene (0.96±0.37). Conclusion We consider that determination of SMN1 gene homozygous deletion and carrier testing can be performed by the PCR method locally. Further, it is necessary to implement the molecular genetic testing method into practice and to study the requirements and needs of early detection of SMA in the newborn screening program of Mongolia.

Background: Infections in respiratory systems have spread throughout the world without any restrictions including living places, public issues, and lifestyle. Three main causes of illnesses for the population of cities and rural areas were gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. After investigated some medicinal herbs including Stelleria Chamaejasme L. and Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa, it has been reported that they had antiinflammatory, analgesic, and wound healing effects. Lozenge formulation has some advantages for treatment application, such as easily absorbed, good bioavailability and ability of diminishing stomach irritation. In this study, we aimed to obtain a suitable extract from Stelleria Chamaejasme L. and Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa for further lozenge formulation. Purpose: To obtain a suitable extract from Stelleria Chamaejasme L. and Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa, and to conduct qualitative and quantitative studies for some biologically active substances Materials and methods: In this study, an aerial part of Stelleria Chamaejasme L. and Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa were used, and the study was conducted in MUPS. For obtaining a suitable extract, the raw materials were extracted by remaceration, repercolation and circulation methods in 20% and 70% of ethanol and distilled water. The flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds in the extracts were determined by thin layer chromatography. Quantitative analysis for total flavonoids was performed by spectrophotometer. Results: According to the result, a yellow spot-on chromatogram was detected in extracted raw materials (Stelleria Chamaejasme L. and Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa), indicating that flavonoid contained in the extracted solution.
The result was compared to standards of rutin (Rf=0.2) and quercetin (Rf= 0.94). Also, a black, blue spot-on chromatogram was detected in extracted raw materials (Stelleria Chamaejasme L. and Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa), indicating that polyphenols contained in the extracted solution. The spots were compared to gallic acid as a standard substance. In the quantitative assay of total flavonoids in raw materials, black-green precipitation was revealed after procedure. From this result, remaceration and circulation techniques were suitable to extract the raw materials. Flavonoid content was 3.35±0.04% after using remaceration technique, which indicated that it was more suitable to extract the raw materials. Conclusions These results showed that the appropriate extracting solution for Stelleria Chamaejasme L. and Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa was 70% of ethanol. In this case, 3.35±0.04% of flavonoid was extracted by remaceration technique.

Background: In 2021, 5981 of cancer new cases was registered in Mongolian population. Among those cases, liver cancer was commonly registered with a prevalence of 32.7%. Studies on anticancer agents with no-adverse effects and good-preventive efficacy against cancer have been attracted more attention from the researchers in the field of pharmaceutical sciences. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Saussurrea amara.L, Chiazospermum erectum Berh, and Carthamus tinctorius.L are well recognized as effective agent against liver diseases. Using these raw materials, researchers have been invented a traditional prescription and named as Hepaclin-4. In this study, we aimed to investigate the qualitative study of raw materials and some biologically active sub- stances in the compounds. Purpose: To study the qualitative study of raw materials for Hepaclin-4 prescription Materials and methods: Some qualitative properties of raw materials for Hepaclin-4 prescription, including appearance, minerals, some organic compounds, total ash, water-soluble substances and fungi, were investigated according to Mongolian pharmacopeia and total flavonoid was detected by thin layer chromatography. Results: No changes were observed on the appearance of raw materials, and minerals and organic compounds weren’t detected in the prescription. No contamination with fungi and insects were identified. The moist in the raw materials were 5.9 to 8.1%, total ash was 4.7 to 13.3% and the water-soluble substances were detected 33.8 to 42.9%. Number of aerobic bacteria, fungi and E.coli, Salmonella species were detected in normal range, indicating that the prescription was matched with the requirement of pharmacopeia. According to the thin layer chromatography study of the raw materials, a yellow spot on the chromatogram were identified and same as quercetin (Rf=0.9-0.98) and rutin ((Rf=0.18-0.23)) as standard compounds, which indicated that the spot which indicated that the spot was flavonoids in the prescription. Conclusions These results showed that the appearance, moist, minerals, organic compound, water-soluble substances, ash and biologically active substances of the raw materials for Hepaclin-4 prescription was corresponded with the requirements of pharmacopeia, and flavonoid was detected in raw materials of Hepaclin-4.

Introduction: According to the annual health report of Mongolia, non-communicable diseases are rising. Digestive system diseases, the second leading cause of morbidity in the population, account for an average of 15.5 percent of all morbidity over the last 10 years. In traditional Mongolian medicine, Plantago Major L has been widely used as a remedy for wound healing, cholangitis, gastric and duodenal ulcers. Material and method: The research was conducted in the pharmaceutical industry and technology laboratory. The leaves of Plantago Major L were chosen as the main raw materials and UV spectrophotometer, shaker, thin-layer chromatographic plates (Silica gel 60 F 254, Germany), and UV light were used in the experiment. The leaves of Plantago Major L were extracted with 40% ethyl alcohol in a soxlet apparatus and evaporated in a vacuum evaporator to obtain a thick extract. Result: Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of granule and ethyl alcohol extracts of Plantago Major L revealed yellow-brown spots (Rf = 0.4) at the same level as the standard substance rutin on the plate, indicating the presence of flavonoids. The highest light absorption was 250 nm when determining the sensitive wavelength of ethyl alcohol extract of Plantago Major L between 200 nm and 520 nm. The total flavonoids contained 3.95 ± 0.17% (p <0.001) in 40% ethyl alcohol extract of Plantago Major L. Conclusion It was detected that quantitative mass of total flavonoids in liquid extracts from was 3.95±0.17%.