BACKGROUND:Wogonin is a flavonoid extracted from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis.Previous studies have shown that baicalein has protective effects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury,and can also reduce blood sugar and complications in diabetic mice,but its role and mechanism in diabetic cerebral infarction remain unclear. OBJECTIVE:To explore the effect of wogonin on nerve injury in rats with diabetic cerebral infarction and its mechanism. METHODS:Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups:control group,model group,low-dose wogonin group,medium-dose wogonin group,high-dose wogonin group,and high-dose wogonin+Ras homolog gene family member A(RhoA)activator group.Except for the control group,the other rats were established with diabetes and cerebral ischemia models using intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin and middle cerebral artery occlusion.Low,medium-and high-dose wogonin groups were intragastrically given 10,20,40 mg/kg wogonin,respectively;high-dose wogonin+RhoA activator group was intragastrically given 40 mg/kg wogonin and intraperitoneally injected 10 mg/kg lysophosphatidic acid;control group and model group were given the same amount of normal saline once a day for 7 consecutive days.Rats in each group were evaluated for neurological deficits and their blood glucose levels were measured after the last dose.TTC staining was applied to detect the volume of cerebral infarction.Hematoxylin-eosin staining was applied to observe pathological changes in brain tissue.ELISA kit was applied to detect tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin-6,malondialdehyde,and superoxide dismutase levels in brain tissue.Western blot was applied to detect the protein expression of RhoA and Rho-associated protein kinase(ROCK)2 in brain tissue. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the control group,the neuronal structure of rats in the model group was severely damaged,with cell necrosis and degeneration,the neurological deficit score,blood glucose level,and infarct volume were significantly elevated(P<0.05),the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin-6,and malondialdehyde,and the protein expression of RhoA and ROCK2 in brain tissue were significantly increased(P<0.05),and the superoxide dismutase level was decreased(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the low-,medium-,and high-dose wogonin groups showed improved neuronal damage,reduced cell degeneration and necrosis,a significant reduction in neurological deficit score,blood glucose level,infarct volume,and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin-6,and malondialdehyde,and the protein expression of RhoA and ROCK2 in brain tissue,and an increase in the superoxide dismutase level(P<0.05).Compared with the high-dose wogonin group,the high-dose wogonin+RhoA activator group significantly weakened the improvement in the above indexes of rats with diabetic cerebral infarction(P<0.05).To conclude,wogonin can improve the blood glucose level in rats with diabetic cerebral infarction,reduce cerebral infarction and nerve injury,and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway.

Aim To investigate the relationship between fat attenuation index(FAI)of pericoronary adipose tis-sue and coronary slow flow(CSF).Methods The clinical data of 135 hospitalized patients who underwent coronary angiography(CAG)due to chest tightness,chest pain and other similar symptoms from November 2023 to July 2024 were retrospectively collected.According to the blood flow grading criteria,the patients were divided into CSF group(n=61)and normal blood flow group(n=74).The basic information of the patients,the laboratory test results on the day of ad-mission and the data of coronary CT angiography(CCTA)were also collected.Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors for CSF.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to evaluate the efficacy of FAI in predicting CSF.Results The white blood cell count(WBC),fasting blood glucose(FBG),high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP),interleukin-6(IL-6)and right coronary artery(RCA)FAI in the CSF group were 1.23,1.10,1.33 1.53 and 1.13 times that of those in the normal blood flow group,respectively(P＜0.05).The left ventricu-lar ejection fraction(LVEF)in the CSF group was 94.78％of the normal blood flow group(P＜0.05).Multivariate Lo-gistic regression analysis showed that elevated WBC(OR=1.891),elevated FBG(OR=1.774),decreased LVEF(OR=0.094),elevated hs-CRP increased(OR=1.124),increased RCA-FAI(OR=1.077)were independent risk factors for CSF(P＜0.05).The results of ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve(AUC)of RCA-FAI in predic-ting CSF was 0.715(95％CI:0.627～0.802),the optimal cut-off value was-81.5 HU,the sensitivity was 0.803,and the specificity was 0.581.Conclusion Elevated WBC,elevated FBG,decreased LVEF,increased hs-CRP,and in-creased RCA-FAI are risk factors for CSF.Among them,RCA-FAI has a good efficacy in predicting the occurrence of CSF,which can be used to identify high-risk CSF patients as early as possible and reduce the incidence of CSF.

Objective:To explore the application effect of integrated root cause analysis (RCA) in the analysis of approximate administration error events, and to provide reference for the management of clinical approximate administration error events.Methods:A non-synchronous pre-and post-control study was conducted. The data of 3 cases of approximate error events of drug administration in the Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University from January to September 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The integrated RCA was used to find out the proximal causes, and the system diagram and problem tree analysis were used to determine the root causes. The improvement measures were formulated through barrier analysis, including improving the safety barrier of hospital information system (HIS), updating the database of drug instructions in the Department of Cardiology, standardizing the barrier of nurses′ treatment and examination of medical orders, and visual management barrier. The integrated RCA improvement measures were applied to the management of approximate error events of drug administration. The improvement effect was evaluated by comparing the number of adverse events of medication errors before improvement (January to September 2021) and after improvement (September 2023 to May 2024), the error rate of HIS drug orders, the number of drug interceptions in pharmacies, the processing time of doctors′ HIS orders, and the qualified rate of medical staff 's drug knowledge assessment.Results:There were 32 medical staff in the department of cardiology before improvement, including 6 males and 26 females, aged (31.03 ± 4.29) years old. After improvement, 30 medical staff, 6 males and 24 females, aged (31.20 ± 4.37) years old. After the implementation of integrated RCA improvement, the number of adverse events of medication errors decreased from 3 cases before improvement to 0 cases after improvement. The error rate of HIS drug orders decreased from 11.83%(11/93) before improvement to 2.74%(2/73) after improvement. Improve the pre-audit system without pharmacy drug delivery interception function, improve the pre-application drug information 6 990, the number of drug interception was 0; after improvement, 7 782 pieces of drug information were claimed, and the number of drug interceptions was 78. The difference before and after improvement was statistically significant ( χ2=68.54, P<0.05). After the improvement, the doctor′s HIS doctor′s order processing time including admission, discharge, preoperative, postoperative, examination and medication, and temporary doctor′s order processing time were (1.14 ± 0.41), (1.37 ± 0.30), (0.43 ± 0.11), (0.51 ± 0.11), (0.40 ± 0.10) and (0.51 ± 0.14) min, respectively. They were lower than (4.07 ± 0.70), (3.69 ± 0.60), (1.44 ± 0.24), (2.10 ± 0.45), (1.41 ± 0.28) and (1.44 ± 0.29) min before improvement, and the differences were statistically significant ( t values were 15.21-21.42, all P<0.05). The qualified rate of drug knowledge examination of medical staff increased from 81.25%(26/32) before improvement to 100.00%(30/30) after improvement, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The application of integrated RCA to analyze the approximate error events of drug administration is helpful to identify the system defects in the workflow of electronic medical order administration more comprehensively, improve work efficiency and ensure the quality and safety of medical care.

Objective:To understand the feelings and experiences of patients with dizziness caused by cerebrovascular diseases, and to provide a reference basis for the development of nursing intervention measures.Methods:Semi-structured interviews were carried out from November 2024 to February 2025 by phenomenology method. The patients with dizziness caused by cerebrovascular diseases who were hospitalized in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were selected by purposive sampling method. The interview data were analyzed by the Colaizzi 7-step analysis method to summarize and extract the themes.Results:Finally, 16 patients with dizziness caused by cerebrovascular diseases were interviewed, including 6 males and 10 females, aged 43 to 73 years. The feeling and experience of patients with dizziness caused by cerebrovascular diseases could be summarized into three themes: persistent physical symptoms (physiological function imbalance, the superposition of multiple symptoms); patients had cognitive biases (symptom risk cognitive bias, symptom knowledge cognitive bias, drug effect cognitive bias); patients' self-perceived burden was obvious(physical burden, emotional burden, and economic burden).Conclusions:The patients with dizziness caused by cerebrovascular diseases show multi-dimensional characteristics, and there are many burdens and needs in physiological, psychological and social aspects. We should pay attention to the symptom experience and psychological feelings of such patients, and give targeted health education and multi-dimensional social support.

Objective:To explore the developmental trajectory and influencing factors of self-management behavior among stroke patients.Methods:A total of 478 ischemic stroke patients admitted to the department of neurology of a grade-Ⅲ hospital in Henan Province from July 2023 to June 2024 were selected as the investigation objects. Baseline data of patients were collected using the general situation questionnaire, stroke knowledge questionnaire, stroke health belief scale, stroke self-management behavior scale and self-rating depression scale. The self-management behavior level of patients was assessed at discharge, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after discharge. Mplus 7.0 software was used to conduct trajectory analysis of stroke patients' self-management behaviors, and multiple Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors associated with the development trajectory types of different stroke self-management behaviors.Results:The self-management behavior scores of stroke patients at discharge, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after discharge were 206.59(167.59, 230.57), 169.59(129.73, 196.73), 149.82(120.89, 171.48), and 147.14(123.02, 181.64), respectively. Four trajectory categories were described. Category 1 was low-level pattern of initial decrease followed by stabilization, accounting for 16.95%(81/478)( P<0.001, intercept=2.701). Category 2 was low-level pattern of initial decrease followed by increase, accounting for 12.97%(62/478)( P<0.001, intercept =2.696). Category 3 was medium-level pattern of initial decrease followed by stabilization, accounting for 57.11%(273/478)( P<0.001, intercept =3.829). Category 4 was high-level pattern of initial decrease followed by increase, accounting for 12.97%(62/478)( P<0.001, intercept=4.366). The self-management behavior of stroke patients with low level of stroke knowledge, low level of health belief, aged 60 to 70 years old, residence in rural areas and middle school and below education level were more likely to belong to the low level group(all P<0.05). Patients with low depression in the low level group were more likely to be classified as low-level pattern of initial decrease followed by increase( P<0.05). Conclusion:The trajectory category of self-management behavior could be predicted by stroke knowledge level, health belief level, age, place of residence, educational background and depression. Their self-management behavior level may be improved through targeted interventions according to the characteristics of different trajectory categories.

Aim To investigate the relationship between fat attenuation index(FAI)of pericoronary adipose tis-sue and coronary slow flow(CSF).Methods The clinical data of 135 hospitalized patients who underwent coronary angiography(CAG)due to chest tightness,chest pain and other similar symptoms from November 2023 to July 2024 were retrospectively collected.According to the blood flow grading criteria,the patients were divided into CSF group(n=61)and normal blood flow group(n=74).The basic information of the patients,the laboratory test results on the day of ad-mission and the data of coronary CT angiography(CCTA)were also collected.Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors for CSF.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to evaluate the efficacy of FAI in predicting CSF.Results The white blood cell count(WBC),fasting blood glucose(FBG),high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP),interleukin-6(IL-6)and right coronary artery(RCA)FAI in the CSF group were 1.23,1.10,1.33 1.53 and 1.13 times that of those in the normal blood flow group,respectively(P＜0.05).The left ventricu-lar ejection fraction(LVEF)in the CSF group was 94.78％of the normal blood flow group(P＜0.05).Multivariate Lo-gistic regression analysis showed that elevated WBC(OR=1.891),elevated FBG(OR=1.774),decreased LVEF(OR=0.094),elevated hs-CRP increased(OR=1.124),increased RCA-FAI(OR=1.077)were independent risk factors for CSF(P＜0.05).The results of ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve(AUC)of RCA-FAI in predic-ting CSF was 0.715(95％CI:0.627～0.802),the optimal cut-off value was-81.5 HU,the sensitivity was 0.803,and the specificity was 0.581.Conclusion Elevated WBC,elevated FBG,decreased LVEF,increased hs-CRP,and in-creased RCA-FAI are risk factors for CSF.Among them,RCA-FAI has a good efficacy in predicting the occurrence of CSF,which can be used to identify high-risk CSF patients as early as possible and reduce the incidence of CSF.

Objective:To explore the developmental trajectory and influencing factors of self-management behavior among stroke patients.Methods:A total of 478 ischemic stroke patients admitted to the department of neurology of a grade-Ⅲ hospital in Henan Province from July 2023 to June 2024 were selected as the investigation objects. Baseline data of patients were collected using the general situation questionnaire, stroke knowledge questionnaire, stroke health belief scale, stroke self-management behavior scale and self-rating depression scale. The self-management behavior level of patients was assessed at discharge, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after discharge. Mplus 7.0 software was used to conduct trajectory analysis of stroke patients' self-management behaviors, and multiple Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors associated with the development trajectory types of different stroke self-management behaviors.Results:The self-management behavior scores of stroke patients at discharge, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after discharge were 206.59(167.59, 230.57), 169.59(129.73, 196.73), 149.82(120.89, 171.48), and 147.14(123.02, 181.64), respectively. Four trajectory categories were described. Category 1 was low-level pattern of initial decrease followed by stabilization, accounting for 16.95%(81/478)( P<0.001, intercept=2.701). Category 2 was low-level pattern of initial decrease followed by increase, accounting for 12.97%(62/478)( P<0.001, intercept =2.696). Category 3 was medium-level pattern of initial decrease followed by stabilization, accounting for 57.11%(273/478)( P<0.001, intercept =3.829). Category 4 was high-level pattern of initial decrease followed by increase, accounting for 12.97%(62/478)( P<0.001, intercept=4.366). The self-management behavior of stroke patients with low level of stroke knowledge, low level of health belief, aged 60 to 70 years old, residence in rural areas and middle school and below education level were more likely to belong to the low level group(all P<0.05). Patients with low depression in the low level group were more likely to be classified as low-level pattern of initial decrease followed by increase( P<0.05). Conclusion:The trajectory category of self-management behavior could be predicted by stroke knowledge level, health belief level, age, place of residence, educational background and depression. Their self-management behavior level may be improved through targeted interventions according to the characteristics of different trajectory categories.

Objective To analyze the distribution characteristics of 13 common respiratory pathogens in children in Zibo area from 2020 to 2022.Methods A total of 3091 hospitalized children with respiratory infections admitted to Zibo Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2020 to December 2022 were selected as the subjects.Throat swabs or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples were collected from the patients,and 13 common respiratory pathogens were tested to analyze the distribution differences among different genders,ages,and seasons.Results Among 3091 pediatric patients,1794 were found to be infected with pathogens.The top three pathogens were Mycoplasma pneumoniae,rhinovirus,and respiratory syncytial virus(RSV).The single infection rate was 47.75％,while the mixed infection rate was 10.28％,with the most common scenario being a mixed infection of two pathogens.There were statistically significant differences in the pathogen profiles across different age groups(P＜0.001):infants had the highest detection rate of RSV,young children were primarily infected with rhinovirus,preschool and school-age children were predominantly infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae.Seasonal distribution showed that the highest positive rate was in autumn,while the lowest was in spring(P＜0.05).In spring,the main pathogens were rhinovirus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae;in summer,they were rhinovirus and parainfluenza virus;in autumn,they were Mycoplasma pneumoniae and RSV;and in winter,the detection rates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and influenza B virus were higher.Conclusion From 2020 to 2022,Mycoplasma pneumoniae,rhinovirus and RSV were the main pathogens of children's respiratory tract infection in Zibo area,and there were significant differences in the distribution of pathogens among different ages and seasons.

Objective:By analyzing the concentration distribution and hydrophilic/hydrophobic proportion differences of 15 bile acid subtypes in the serum of patients with hepatitis B virus（HBV）infection complicated with liver cirrhosis and primary biliary cholangitis（PBC）complicated with liver cirrhosis，this study aims to explore the potential associations between bile acid metabolism and these diseases，providing a reference basis for identifying disease-specific metabolic fingerprints in the diagnosis，treatment，and prognosis of liver diseases. Furthermore，building on the pharmacological mechanisms of ursodeoxycholic acid（UDCA）in the treatment of PBC，this research investigates potential therapeutic applications of bile acid drugs in HBV infection.Methods:A retrospective analysis method was adopted. We enrolled 27 HBV infection complicated with liver cirrhosis patients and 59 PBC complicated with liver cirrhosis patients who received outpatient or inpatient treatment at the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital from November 2024 to April 2025. The general data and routine clinical laboratory data of the two groups of patients were collected and analyzed. Using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry（UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS）platform，precise quantification and differential analysis of 15 bile acid subtypes were performed in serum samples. Partial least squares discriminant analysis（PLS-DA）was employed to perform discriminant analysis on serum bile acid profiles data between the two groups，and variable importance in projection（VIP）values were calculated to identify key bile acid subtypes that could differentiate the two diseases. Box plots were constructed to analyze proportion differences in serum hydrophilic and hydrophobic bile acids between the two groups，aiming to explore potential associations between bile acid metabolism and the diseases.Results:The HBV infection group and the PBC group exhibited similar impairment of routine liver function parameters. The HBV infection group had higher serum concentrations of cholic acid（CA），chenodeoxycholic acid（CDCA）and deoxycholic acid（DCA），but lower concentrations of UDCA，glycoursodeoxycholic acid（GUDCA）and tauroursodeoxycholic acid（TUDCA）. The score plot generated by the PLS-DA model demonstrated significant differences in bile acid profile characteristics between the two diseases，with VIP values for UDCA，CDCA，GUDCA，TUDCA，and DCA all greater than 1. Box plots demonstrated a higher proportion of hydrophobic bile acids in the bile acid profile of the HBV infection group compared to the PBC group.Conclusion:This study found significant differences in serum bile acid profile characteristics between patients with HBV infection complicated with liver cirrhosis and those with PBC complicated with liver cirrhosis，specific bile acid subtypes such as CDCA and DCA have the potential to become specific metabolic fingerprints for these two diseases. HBV infection group exhibited higher proportion of hydrophobic bile acids in their bile acid profiles compared to PBC group. The characteristic changes in bile acid profiles can reflect the pathological characteristics of liver diseases，and their differences in hydrophilic/hydrophobic bile acids proportion represents a novel dimension independent of traditional liver function indicators，with potential value for disease prognosis assessment. UDCA or its derivatives may hold therapeutic potential for HBV infection patients with liver cirrhosis who exhibit accumulation of hydrophobic bile acids.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the current status of self-medication behaviors and the demand preferences for pharmaceutical services among residents in Xining， providing a basis for developing pharmaceutical service intervention strategies tailored to regional characteristics. METHODS A self-designed questionnaire， developed based on literature review and revised after expert panel discussion and a pre-survey， was used to conduct anonymous surveys among residents purchasing medicines at 12 retail pharmacies in Xining area from April 2023 to April 2024. Descriptive analysis， Chi-square test， and Spearman correlation analysis were employed to analyze the characteristics and influencing factors of residents’ self-medication behaviors， and pharmaceutical service needs. RESULTS A total of 859 valid questionnaires were collected， with 605 respondents （70.43%） reporting self-medication behaviors. The primary reason for self-medication was mild symptoms （46.94%）. The main conditions treated were gastrointestinal discomfort （38.51%） and cold， fever， headache （35.37%）. Chinese patent medicines were the most commonly used （58.68%）. Drug selection relied mainly on recommendations by pharmacy staff （52.07%）， and retail pharmacies were the primary source of medicines （65.95%）. Dosage and administration were determined primarily by referring to the drug package insert （67.27%）， while a minority relied on personal experience （9.92%）. Notably， 20.33% of respondents never read the package insert before medication， with a higher tendency observed among ethnic minorities， farmers， and individuals with chronic diseases （P＜0.05）. While 65.29% of respondents reported partially understanding the insert content， those aged ≥60 years， ethnic minorities， and individuals with chronic diseases qhsrmyy-28） were more likely to report being completely unable to understand it （P＜0.05）. Self-medication was “often effective” for 52.73% of respondents， whereas 7.77%“ often experienced adverse drug reactions”； farmers were more prone to poor efficacy or adverse reactions （P＜0.05）. A majority （72.89%） of respondents residents believed it necessary to learn about self- medication knowledge， and 47.11% preferred to obtain pharmaceutical services through WeChat public accounts or mobile applications （APP）. CONCLUSIONS Self-medication is common among residents in Xining area. Issues such as neglecting to read package inserts and relying on personal experience are evident. It is essential to develop science popularization programs suitable for the characteristics of the local population and utilize digital platforms like WeChat public accounts and APP to disseminate self- medication knowledge， thereby enhancing residents’ awareness and capacity for rational medication use.