Objective To explore the effect of Dachaihu decoction on the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB(TLR4/NF-κB)signaling pathway and gastrointestinal mucosal barrier in rats with severe heat stroke.Methods Sixty SPF grade Sprague-Dawley(SD)male rats were divided into normal control group,model group,Dachaihu decoction standard dose group and Dachaihu decoction high dose group of 15 rats in each group.The heat stroke model was replicated in the rats at temperature(40.5±0.5)℃and humidity(65.0±2.0)%;the normal control group was not treated.From 6 hours after mold making,drug intervention was carried out in the Dachaihu decoction high dose group and the Dachaihu decoction standard dose group of 3.38 g·kg-1·d-1 and 1.69 g·kg-1·d-1,every 8 hours for 2 days.Equal amounts of normal saline were administered to the normal control group and model group.At 6,24 and 48 hours after the molding,5 mL abdominal main artery blood from 5 rats were randomly collected from each group,and the blood was obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)to determine the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-1(IL-1),D-lactic acid,intestinal fatty acid-binding protein(I-FABP).At the same time,the ileum tissue was retained,and the protein expression of TLR4 and NF-κB in intestinal tissue was determined by Western blotting.Some of the ileal tissue was obtained for hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining,and the intestinal histopathological changes were observed under light microscopy.Results The normal control group of rats had no significant change,and the other three groups showed heatstroke symptoms after mold making.The overall mortality in drug group were significantly lower than that in the model group[3.3%(1/30)vs.20.0%(3/15),P＜0.05].Compared with the normal control group,the serum IL-1,TNF-α,I-FABP,D-lactic acid and the protein expression levels of TLR4 and NF-κB in the model group,Dachaihu decoction standard dose group and Dachaihu decoction high dose group all increased.Compared with the model group,at 24 hours and 48 hours after molding in the Dachaihu decoction standard dose group and Dachaihu decoction high dose group,the serum IL-1,TNF-α,I-FABP,D-lactic acid and the protein expression levels of TLR4 and NF-κB significant decreased[24 hours:TNF-α(ng/L):69.20±4.32,59.37±4.31 vs.76.99±5.02,IL-1(ng/L):132.68±4.93,112.59±9.64 vs.146.75±10.12,I-FABP(mmol/L):504.35±22.23,453.37±32.38 vs.542.58±13.83,D-lactic acid(mmol/L):114.55±8.52,90.57±3.09 vs.127.87±8.37,protein expression of TLR4(A value):1.50±0.08,1.23±0.01 vs.1.86±0.08,protein expression of NF-κB(A value):1.61±0.05,1.21±0.05 vs.1.97±0.08;48 hours:TNF-α(ng/L):58.46±5.13,38.98±5.53 vs.90.21±3.02,IL-1(ng/L):119.12±4.57,84.12±5.08 vs.170.20±6.21,I-FABP(mmol/L):436.04±27.63,321.85±22.03 vs.618.79±12.31,D-lactic acid(mmol/L):87.35±6.84,70.38±4.33 vs.154.14±10.83,protein expression of TLR4(A value):1.19±0.05,1.10±0.13 vs.2.09±0.06,protein expression of NF-κB(A value):1.15±0.09,0.97±0.08 vs.2.20±0.02,all P＜0.05].The expression levels of TNF-α,I-FABP,TLR4 and NF-κB protein in Dachaihu decoction high dose group decreased significantly at 24 hours and 48 hours compared with the standard dose group,however,IL-1 and D-lactic acid decreased significantly at 48 hours after molding(all P＜0.05).The pathology observation showed that,compared with the model group,the intestinal mucosa villus,the lamina propria drop and haemorrhage was decreased in the Dachaihu decoction standard dose group and Dachaihu decoction high dose group.Telangiectasia was reduced and no ulcer formation was observed.Conclusion Dachaihu decoction can inhibit TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway,reduce intestinal inflammatory response,thus reduce gastrointestinal damage,and protect the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier in rats with severe heatstroke.

Objectives: To study an effects on hearing ability and speech performance of the patients with auditory neuropathy (AN) after cochlear implantation (CI). Methods: Thirty-five AN patients (26 males and 9 females) after CI in our center since 2007 were chosen, including 5 postlingual patients (implanted age from 14.3 to 38.6 years old) and 30 prelingual patients (implanted age from 1.1 to 13.7 years old). Hearing sensitivity and speech performance were estimated via following methods: (1) implanted hearing thresholds by sound field audiometry; (2) speech audiometry, including monosyllable, disyllable and sentences recognition test by computer-controlled software and sentence recognition test under noise condition (signal to noise ratio=+ 10dB); (3) Mandarin Early Speech Perception test (MESP), Mandarin Pediatric Speech Intelligibility test (MPSI), MAIS, or IT-MAIS for prelingual AN implantees. Results: The average implanted hearing threshold (250-4 000 Hz) was (41.1±11.7) dBHL in 22 AN implantees, while those prelingual implantees was (39.1±10.9) dBHL, and (44.9±12.3) dBHL in postlingual implantees. Speech audiometry were implemented in four of 5 postlingual AN implantees, the results showed increasing tendency in monosyllable recognition scores, dramatic individual variation in computer-controlled disyllable and sentences recognition test, and poor scores (<30%) in speech recognition test in noise condition. Four of 30 prelingual implantees reconstruct their speech recognition ability within 1-3 years after switch-on, characterized as recognition scores (>60%) in monosyllable, disyllable and sentences. The one of prelingual implantee gained recognition scores of speech in noise within 1 year after switch-on. MAIS or IT-MAIS were implemented in twenty-five prelingual implantees, the average score in these patients was 28.6±11.7. Conclusion Cochlear implant can improve the hearing thresholds of AN patients, however, the improvement in speech performance presented significant variations among the implanted individuals.

Objective To study the correlation between the polymorphisms of NR3C1 gene and aggressive behavior in Yunnan Han population.Methods Five SNPs of the NR3C1 gene (rs6190,rs6191,rs6198,rs41423247 and rs56149945) were genotyped in 194 unrelated prisoners who committed violent-crimes and 301 healthy controls using improved Multiplex-ligase-detection reaction(iMLDR) method,and the data were statistically analyzed with the SPSS19.0soflware and PHASE2.1platform.Results Single locus analysis showed that the allelic distribution of rs6191and rs41423247did not show significant differencesbetween the control groupand the aggressive-behavior group as well as the robbery sub-group and intentional injury sub-group.However,significant difference was foundin the rs41423247 genotype distribution betweencontrol groupand robbery sub-group (p=0.048).In addition,there were no significant differences for the four haplotypes between the control group,the attack group,the robbery subgroup and the intentional injury subgroup.Conclusion These findings indicate that rs41423247 polymorphism of the NR3C1gene might play a role in susceptibility to aggressive behavior and rs6191 polymorphismmay not be correlated withaggressive behavior.

Objective To compare the EC50 of Propofol for inhibiting intubation response. Methods 80 cases un-derwent tracheal intubation general anesthesia, all patients were randomly divided into two groups. The general situ-ation between the two groups showed no significant difference. Except for Propofol, other anesthesia drugs infusion method and dosage were the same. Sequential determination the EC50 of Propofol which for inhibiting intubation re-sponse of each groups by up-and-down. Propofol target concentration of the first patient was set to 4 μg/ml, and ad-justed according to intubation stress response disappeared or not, concentration of two adjacent patients with ratio of 1.2. Results A group inhibited the cardiovascular responses of Propofol EC50 and 95%CI was 5.19 μg/ml (95%CI:4.88 ~ 5.50 μg/ml). B group inhibited the cardiovascular responses of Propofol EC50 and 95 %CI was 4.15μg/ml (95%CI:3.80~4.40μg/ml). The EC50 and 95% confidence interval of the B group were significantly lower than those of the A group ( P< 0.05). The MAP and HR at T2 were higher than that of T1 in each group ( P< 0.05), and the MAP and HR of observe group were lower than that of control group ( P< 0.05). The MAP and HR at T3 were lower than that of T1 in control group ( P< 0.05), but there were no significant deference in observe group ( P> 0.05).Conclusion The EC50 and 95% confidence interval of Propofol for inhibiting intubation response under photopic laryngoscopes was significant lower than those of under direct laryngoscopes, the circulation during period of induc-tion and intubation was more stable.

OBJECTIVE: To study the electrophysiological characteristics of the Auditory Brainstem Response to Speech Sounds (s-ABR) in healthy adults, and then analyze its relationship between noise speech recognition ability and sex. METHOD: We accessed the auditory brainstem response to a synthesized stop-consonant speech syllable / da/in 40 native-Chinese speech adults. Timing components of the response were compared between males and females to determine which aspects of the response are affected by sex. The relationship of the slope between the onset peak (V) and though (A) (V/A slope) and the noise speech recognition ability was analyzed. RESULT: A dissimilarity between males and females was observed in the response to the component that change rapidly over time(P< 0.05). The other peaks latency except (P < 0.01) was different between gender, the remaining peaks did not have statisticals differences (P > 0.05). Noise speech recognition and the V/A slope was negatively correlated (r = 0.478, P < 0.05), which indicated that the greater slope of V/A, the lower of the speech recognition threshold under noise. CONCLUSION The verbal components change rapidly over time, and high-frequency consonants evoked neural response obviously affected by gender. In the slower changing, lower frequency information in the stimulus was minimally affected by sex. The subjects with better abilities of processing transient and rapid information can show lower noise speech recognition threshold.
Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Electrophysiological Phenomena ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Noise ; Sex Factors ; Speech Perception

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the development of early vocabulary capability in the prelingual deaf children after cochlear implantation (CI) , and to study the feasibility of current Chinese assessment procedures about language development for hearing-impaired children. METHOD: A total of 56 cases with severe-to-profound prelingual deaf children were participated in this study. The vocabulary development of CI children were evaluated by trained audiologists using the vocabulary assessment tools: Chinese communicative development inventory (CCDI) and mandarin expressive and receptive vocabulary test (MERVT). The questionnaire assessed by parents or guardians answered the questionnaire; vocabulary tests were evaluated by children accompanied with audiologists. Patients were assessed before operation and in 2 years after switch-on. RESULT: With the rehabilitation, early post-operative vocabulary development gradually improved. The vocabulary increased with an increase in the duration of CI use, and the receptive vocabulary developed earlier than the expressive ones. CONCLUSION After 2 years of CI use, the child partly developed the vocabulary capability. Children's vocabulary test, CCDI and MERVT test, is an important index to evaluate the development of children's language ability after cochlear implantation. Vocabulary test, together with auditory and speech perception assessment procedures, constitute a more complete auditory-speech-language evaluation system for Chinese children after cochlear implants.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Child ; Cochlear Implantation ; Cochlear Implants ; Deafness ; therapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Language ; Language Development ; Language Tests ; Speech ; Vocabulary

Objective To investigate the development of early auditory capability and speech perception in the prelingual deaf children after cochlear implantation,and to study the feasibility of currently available Chinese assessment instruments for the evaluation of early auditory skill and speech perception in hearing-impaired children.Methods A total of 83 children with severe-to-profound prelingual hearing impairment participated in this study.Participants were divided into four groups according to the age for surgery:A (1-2 years),B (2-3 years),C (3-4 years) and D (4-5years).The auditory skill and speech perception ability of CI children were evaluated by trained audiologists using the infant-toddler/ meaningful auditory integration scale (IT-MAIS/MAIS) questionnaire,the Mandarin Early Speech Perception (MESP)test and the Mandarin Pediatric Speech Intelligibility (MPSI) test.The questionnaires were used in face to face interviews with the parents or guardians.Each child was assessed before the operation and 3 months,6 months,12 months after switch-on.Results After cochlear implantation,early postoperative auditory development and speech perception gradually improved.All MAIS/IT-MAIS scores showed a similar increasing trend with the rehabilitation duration (F =5.743,P =0.007).Preoperative and post operative MAIS/IT-MAIS scores of children in age group C (3-4 years) was higher than that of other groups.Children who had longer hearing aid experience before operation demonstrated higher MAIS/IT-MAIS scores than those with little or no hearing aid experience(F =4.947,P =0.000).The MESP test showed that,children were not able to perceive speech as well as detecting speech signals.However as the duration of CI use increased,speech perception ability also improved substantially.However,only about 40％ of the subjects could be evaluated using the most difficult subtest on the MPSI in quiet at 12 months after switch-on.As MCR decreased,the proportion of children who could be tested using the MPSI reduced.Conclusions Within one year after CI,children develop early auditory and speech perception capabilities with time.Chinese versions of the IT-MAIS/MAIS,MESP and MPSI are useful instruments to document early auditory and speech perception skills in children after CI implantation.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze and compare the clinical application of alternating click evoked electrocochleography (ECochG) and auditory brainstem response (ABR) in the diagnosis of auditory neuropathy (AN) subjects. METHOD: ECochGs and ABRs were recorded in 16 patients (32 ears) with AN/AD as AN group and 20 patients (26 ears) with sensorineural hearing loss(SNHL) as control group. Test stimuli were alternating polarity clicks. (1) To compare the occurrence rate of ECochGs and ABRs in AN patients. (2) To compare the peak latency of CAPs, absolute amplitude of CAPs, and amplitude ratios of -SP and CAP between AN group and control group. RESULT: ECochGs (--SPs or CAPs) presented in 78.1% (25 among 32 ears) of AN patients. CAPs latency of AN group was shorter than control group (P < 0.05), CAP absolute amplitude of AN group was lower than normal group (P < 0.05), while --SP/CAP was higher than control group (P < 0.01). Deformed ABRs presented in only 5 ears among 32 tested AN ears, while relative good ABR waveforms were evoked in control group. The occurrence rate of ABRs (15.6%) was significantly lower than that of ECochGs in AN patients (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Both ECochGs and ABRs play important role in the diagnosis of AN. The capacity of temporal processing is significantly impaired while the intensity perception related capability is intact in AN patients.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Audiometry, Evoked Response ; Auditory Threshold ; Case-Control Studies ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem ; Hearing Loss, Central ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Hearing Tests ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

Objective To evaluate Test-retest reliability of Mandarin monosyllable lists with equivalency in audibility in hearing loss group. Methods Mandarin monosyllable lists were used to test 18 adults with moderate-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss. Each people was tested twice with an interval of several days and with same test conditions including same lists order, same presentation level, and same tester. List number to begin with was different between people. All test lists for one patient were presented by 30 dB above his hearing threshold levels. Recognition scores were recorded in both tests. The results were analyzed using SPSS. Results Pearson product-moment correlation between the scores of two tests was 0. 931 (P<0. 001). The average critical difference was 16.3 % at the 95 % confidence level after the scores transformed into "rationalized" arcsine unit (RAU). Conclusion The average critical difference is 16. 3% at the 95% confidence level which is less than in the normal hearing group. All the lists have good test-retest reliability, and can be used in extensive clinical practice.

Objective To examine among preschool children the validity, reliability and sensitivity of a new assessment tool of Mandarin sentence recognition in babble noise, consisting of twenty-seven equivalent lists, as well as to investigate the effect of age and gender on children's speech recognition. Methods Fifty-four normalhearing children aged 4 to 6 years were recruited from Beijing and were divided into three age groups (4～, 4.5～,and 5.0～6.0 years) containing 18 children each, half boys and half girls. According to randomized split-plot design, we examined their speech recognition ability with 27 sentence-in-babble-noise lists in a sound-treated booth in a kindergarten (ambient noise ＜40 dB). The sentences were presented at fixed intensity of 65 dB SPL, paired with competing babble noise at three different signal to noise ratios (SNR= +1, -2, -5 dB) by the same loudspeaker with 0° azimuth. Speech recognition score were calculated based on the children's repetition of keySNR functions exhibited that the threshold was -1.96±0. 19 dB SNR and the slope was 15.8%±1.1%/dB for of variance and Post- Hoc Scheffe test indicated that significant differences in performance were most pronounced between the 4～ year group and the other two groups (P＜0.001), while there was no significant difference between 4.5～ year group and 5.0～6. 0 year group (P=0. 90). The girls' performance was also significantly better than boys' (P＜0. 001). Conclusion The 27 lists of Mandarin speech recognition in babble noise were equivalent among children, and the sensitivity of performance versus SNR was 15.8%/dB. Both of them were below the adult averchildren aged 4.5～ up years. Even though the performance differed between boys and girls, the difference was relatively small compared to 24.6%, the critical difference as the reliability indicator.