BACKGROUND: From 2010 to 2015, there was a twofold growth of new HIV/AIDS infection in Beijing among young students aged 15-24. HIV/AIDS education was found effective in promoting positive behavior change related to HIV/AIDS prevention. However, little evidence was found on the evaluation of HIV/AIDS education policy. This study aimed to evaluate the college-based HIV/AIDS education policy in Beijing. METHODS: By using a mixed method approach, the current study reviewed college-based HIV/AIDS education policy at national level and in Beijing from 1985 to 2016 and conducted policy content analysis to evaluate the policy ability to structure implementation. Cross-sectional surveys in 2006 and 2016 were used to evaluate college's implementation of relevant policies. T test, χ test, and logistic regression were used to analyze college students' perception of HIV/AIDS education provided in their colleges and their knowledge of HIV/AIDS and their risk factors. RESULTS: Fourteen pieces of national policy and four pieces of Beijing's policy were identified. Policy's ability to structure implementation was at moderate level. The percentage of students in Beijing who ever perceived HIV/ADIS education at colleges decreased from 71.14 to 39.80%, and the percentage of students with comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS dropped from 50.00% in 2006 to 40.42% in 2016. CONCLUSIONS HIV/AIDS education in college had drawn considerable attentions from the Chinese government, while the policy implementation needs further strengthening.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; psychology ; Adolescent ; Beijing ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; HIV Infections ; psychology ; Health Education ; statistics & numerical data ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Health Policy ; Humans ; Male ; Universities ; statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult

The AIDS epidemic in men who have sex wlth men (MSM) in recent years showed a sharp upward trend, looking for behavioral intervention strategies should be imperative. Fear appeals by fear prompted intervention received intervention information, provide a new breakthrough to achieve better effect of propaganda and intervention. After over 70 years development, the Fear Appeal generated from the driver model that proposed the fear decided the effectiveness of behavior intervention, to the extended parallel process model theory which integrated protection motivation theory and parallel process theory, both of which believed the fear is just one of the estimators, suggested fear is the key factor. The fear appeal theory is turning to be even more comprehensive and accurate. As an important theoretical basement, the fear appeal is still developing, and need more work to make it perfection.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; prevention & control ; psychology ; Fear ; Health Promotion ; methods ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male

United Nations (UN) adopted 17 global sustainable development agenda to the year 2030 in the 68th general assembly on september, 2015. The global agendas and goals are important for 3 reasons: (1) to adopt the international standard for determining the health status; (2) to identify areas in need of attention; and (3) to advance international cooperation regarding health issues. In the area of infectious diseases, our goals include the eradication of human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome, tuberculosis, and malaria as well as a substantial reduction of hepatitis by the year 2030. In the area of non-communicable diseases, our goal is to reduce premature mortality (< or =70 years) at least 30% by the year 2030. Preventive activities such as smoking cessation, alcohol abstinence, nutritional measures, and physical activities, should also be promoted intensively nationwide. It is also necessary to establish stringent policies for control hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia. Additionally, environmental health, injury by traffic accident, mental health, and drug and alcohol abuse are important health policies. Furthermore, in the area of international health and cooperation, maternal and child health remain important areas of support for underdeveloped countries. Education and training towards the empowerment of health professionals in underdeveloped countries is also an important issue. The global agenda prioritize resources(manpower and budget) allocation of international organizations such as UN, World Health Organization, United Nations Development Programme, and World Bank. The global agenda also sets the contribution levels of Official Developmental Assistance donor countries. Health professionals such as professors and researchers will have to turn their attention to areas of vital international importance, and play an important role in implementation strategies and futhermore guiding global agenda.
Accidents, Traffic ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Alcohol Abstinence ; Alcoholism ; Child ; Child Health ; Communicable Diseases ; Education ; Environmental Health ; Health Occupations ; Health Policy ; Hepatitis ; HIV ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; Hypertension ; International Cooperation ; Malaria ; Mental Health ; Mortality, Premature ; Motor Activity ; Natural Resources ; Obesity ; Power (Psychology) ; Smoking Cessation ; Tissue Donors ; Tuberculosis ; United Nations ; World Health Organization

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and related factors of emotional problems of newly identified patients with HIV/AIDS in Changsha, Hunan Province, and to provide scientific evidence for the mental health intervention in this special population. METHODS: A total of 370 patients with HIV/AIDS who were newly identified by the Center for Disease Prevention and Control in Changsha City from March 1, 2013 to February 28, 2014 were investigated. Self-designed questionnaire, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), HIV/AIDS Stress Scale and Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) were performed to assess the prevalence of depression, the anxiety symptoms, the HIV related stress and the status of social support. RESULTS: The prevalence of depression and anxiety were 40.3% (PHQ-9 ≥ 10 points) and 30.5% (GAD-7 ≥ 10 points), respectively. Severe depressive symptoms (PHQ-9≥20 points) and severe anxiety (GAD-7 ≥ 15 points) accounted for 8.1% and 14.3%, respectively. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that the status of employment (b=-3.407, P<0.001; b=-2.799, P=0.001), the sexual orientation (b=1.903, P=0.008; b=1.314, P=0.034), the resident status (b=-1.995, P=0.012; b=-2.167, P=0.002), the emergence of HIV-related symptoms(b=4.578, P<0.001; b=3.652, P<0.001) and the HIV related stress (b=0.081, P<0.001; b=0.090, P<0.001) were the predictors for both depressive and anxious emotional problems whereas the social support (b=-0.046, P=0.044) was the predictor for depressive emotional problems. Both anxiety (ΔR2=54.7%, P<0.001) and depression (ΔR2=55.8%, P<0.001) were strong predictors for patients with HIV/AIDS. CONCLUSION Depression and anxiety are prevalent among the newly identified patients with HIV/ AIDS. Psychosocial support and basic mental health services should be integrated into the current HIV/AIDS care system.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; psychology ; Anxiety ; epidemiology ; Depression ; epidemiology ; HIV Infections ; psychology ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Prevalence ; Regression Analysis ; Social Support ; Surveys and Questionnaires

With the rapid spread of AIDS, the ethical issues of its prevention is intensify more and more, it mainly reflected in the four areas such as discrimination of disease and moral panic, individual rights and public health, privacy and right to know, social responsibility and behavior guidance. To resolve these ethical conflicts and safeguard legitimate rights of AIDS patients, we must adhere to love and tolerance, favorable and fair, the principles of autonomy and coordination, thus promoting AIDS prevention, maintaining social ethics and justice, equal and harmonious reconstruction of the ethical relationship.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; prevention & control ; psychology ; Communicable Disease Control ; Ethics ; Fear ; Humans ; Personal Autonomy ; Privacy ; Public Health ; ethics ; Social Discrimination ; ethics ; Social Responsibility

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of promoting male circumcision among the general population in the high HIV prevalence areas of Guangxi Province.

METHODSWe interviewed 590 male residents from Hezhou and Qinzhou areas of Guangxi Province and conducted intervention using male circumcision promotion materials and various methods. If the subjects were willing and had no contraindication, they were referred to the appointed hospitals to receive circumcision. We conducted follow-up visits at 6 and 9 months after intervention for the changes in the subjects' knowledge, attitude and practice related to male circumcision.

RESULTSThe male circumcision knowledge, willingness and operation rate were significantly improved after intervention (P < 0.05), but with no significant difference between the two follow-up visits (P > 0.05). The number of those who knew that phimosis and redundant prepuce were the reasons for circumcision increased from 66.1% at baseline to 81.9% and 79.8% at the two follow-up visits; those who knew that circumcision could prevent AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases increased from 28.0% to 77.4% and 78.6%; those who knew that surgical complications could be pain, bleeding and infection increased from 29.5%, 19.3% and 39.3% to 72.5%, 58.2% and 59.4% at the first follow-up and 75.0%, 57.0% and 63.0% at the second; those who were willing to receive circumcision increased from 35.3% at baseline to 59.6% and 61.3% at the two follow-up visits; and the rate of surgery increased from zero to 12.7% and 16.1%.

CONCLUSIONThe promotion of male circumcision among the general population in the high HIV prevalence areas of Guangxi Province significantly improved their knowledge, attitude and practice related to AIDS prevention. And the promotion activities should focus on the publicity of AIDS knowledge, risks of phimosis and redundant prepuce, and safety of circumcision.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; prevention & control ; Adult ; China ; Circumcision, Male ; psychology ; Health Education ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phimosis ; surgery ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVEThis study aimed to explore and evaluate the effects of combination intervention model conducted by Center for Disease Control and Prevention and activity place to men who have sex with men (MSM).

METHODSTo implement one-year combination intervention in 4 MSM venues during May, 2009 and April, 2010. Meanwhile, 3 similar MSM venues were chosen as control. MSM places introduced CDC to consumption crowds. Experts and volunteers sent by CDC undertook health education programme on site and condom, lubricant, pamphlet, consultation, test were provided at the same time. The intervention measures applied to control only included providing pamphlet, condom, lubricant by volunteers. Investigations were conducted among subjects of combination intervention group and control group before (111, 120 subjects) and after (105, 98 subjects) the intervention with questions related to knowledge and behavior of AIDS prevention.

RESULTSAfter one-year intervention, among MSM with combination intervention, the awareness rate of knowledge level about acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) increased from 73.0% (81/111) to 91.7% (110/120), proportion of condom-use with male at last anal intercourse increased from 73.0% (81/111) to 85.0% (102/120), ratio of never-use condom with male decreased from 10.8% (11/102) to 1.7% (2/112), percentage of acquiring AIDS-related service and intervention improved significantly, acquiring condom (lubricant) increased from 70.3% (78/111) to 85.0% (102/120), acquiring peer education increased from 10.8% (12/111) to 24.2% (29/120), the proportion of acquiring counseling and testing of HIV increased from 69.4% (77/111) to 90.8% (109/120) (all P values < 0.05). The above index show no statistic difference before and after the intervention (all P values > 0.05) in control MSM venues.

CONCLUSIONCombination intervention model was an effective intervention model contributing to an increase in knowledge of AIDS prevention and decreasing high risk behavior in MSM population.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; prevention & control ; Adult ; HIV Infections ; prevention & control ; Health Education ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Homosexuality, Male ; psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Risk-Taking ; Safe Sex ; Sexual Behavior ; Young Adult

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; prevention & control ; Adult ; China ; Drug Users ; psychology ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Male ; Needs Assessment ; Preventive Health Services ; utilization ; Risk-Taking ; Sentinel Surveillance

OBJECTIVETo gain an insight into the demographic characteristics and AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of men who have sex with men (MSM) in a Chinese city, and to offer a base for preventive measures against AIDS.

METHODSWe carried out a prevalence survey, using "snowball" methods to set up survey sites in the "comrade" community, the "comrades" looking for the respondents by various means.

RESULTSAmong 309 respondents, 265 (85.8%) were younger than 30 years, 187 (60.5%) received college education or above, 187 (60.5%) were government officials or employees, and 91 (29.4%) were students; 299 (96.8%) were willing or very willing to get knowledge about HIV prevention and treatment, 201 (65.1%) considered themselves as MSM, 76 (24.6%) admitted bisexuality, 117 (37.9%) had insertion sex with at least three men in the past six months, 61 (19.7%) had two or more regular male sexual partners, 140 (45.3%) used condoms on >80% occasions and 34 (11.0%) occasionally or never used them during vaginal sex in the past six months.

CONCLUSIONMSM in the city showed the characteristics of younger age, higher education, stable employment and income, more than one sexual partner, high frequency of high-risk behavior, and negligence of condom-use, and most (96.8%) of them are willing or very willing to obtain AIDS prevention knowledge, which deserves particular attention from relevant institutions.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; prevention & control ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Homosexuality, Male ; psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sexual Behavior ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the quality of life of heroin dependent patients with methadone maintenance therapy and its influencing factors.

METHODSTotally 462 heroin dependent patients who were receiving methadone maintenance therapy in Mangshi, Ruili, Longchuan, Yingjiang, Lianghe of Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province were randomly selected using proportional stratified sampling and interviewed with the WHO Quality of Life-BREF (QOL-BREF) in order to understand their quality of life in the fields of physical, psychological, social relationships, and environmental function during 4 weeks ago before interviewing, and the influencing factors of the quality of life.

RESULTSAmong the 462 patients, 451 patients (97.6%) were male and 11 (2.4%) were female. Their average age was (37.80 ± 9.13) years old; 145 patients (31.39%) unmarried, 270 patients (58.44%) were married; 35.93% (166/462) of patients had primary school education, 37.23% (172/462) of patients had senior high school education. The patients had a score of 54.11 ± 6.74 for total quality of life and well being and a score of 14.31 ± 2.23, 13.28 ± 1.79, 13.90 ± 2.52, 12.63 ± 1.77 for physical, psychological, social relationships and environmental function, respectively. The quality of life for physical, psychological, social relationships and environmental function of the group of patients which ages between 30 to 40, unmarried, high middle school and above education, length of drug addiction more than 10 years before receiving treatment, treatment duration less than 6 months, incoming from temporary job were with lower score for total quality of life and well being. The quality of life for physical, psychological was lower for those aged between 16 and 30 when becoming first time drug user, which scores were 14.29 ± 2.25 and 13.22 ± 1.84, respectively. The quality of life for physical, psychological, social relationships of the group of patients which injecting drug only or injecting drug with other manners before receiving treatment were lower, which scores were 13.92 ± 2.25, 13.08 ± 1.67, 13.25 ± 2.60 for injecting drug only and 13.67 ± 2.52, 13.43 ± 1.71, 13.80 ± 2.56 for injecting drug with other manners.

CONCLUSIONAttending and keeping methadone maintenance therapy could improve the quality of life of heroin dependent patients. Age, marriage status, education, time of drug use, treatment duration may be the influential factors.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; complications ; psychology ; Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Methadone ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Middle Aged ; Opioid-Related Disorders ; complications ; drug therapy ; psychology ; Quality of Life ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult