The extraction of essential oil can be done in several ways, with some emphasizing quality and othersemphasizing quantity. Essential oil components of Tagetes erecta and Tagetes patula were analyzed and compared using two common extraction techniques, i.e., steam distillation (SD) and simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE), coupled with GC-MS for their chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. In both species, the highest % yield was obtained by the SD with yields of 0.05% and 0.12%, respectively. Thus, the comparative study of extraction methods unveiled SD as the best method for the extraction of essential oil, providing a high yield with a greater percentage of major compounds. The GC-MS analysis unveiled 24 different compounds in T. erecta and 27 compounds in T. patula. SD of T. erecta and T. patula revealed a higher concentration of β-Caryophyllene with compositions of 37.25% and 65.47%. A comparative analysis of the antibacterial activity of essential oil extracted using SD revealed that T. erecta is effective against all four tested bacterial strains, i.e., Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella Typhi. Notably, the largest zone of inhibition (ZOI) was observed against K. pneumoniae (12 mm) for T. erecta.In contrast, T. patula demonstrated activity against two bacterial strains, i.e., K. pneumoniae and S. typhi, with a maximum ZOI of 11 mm, observed against K. pneumoniae. The stronger antibacterial activity of T. erecta oil might be due to the synergistic interaction of the most abundant bioactive compounds obtained through SD.

Objective: In response to an outbreak of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) type 2 in the Philippines in 2019–2020, several rounds of supplementary immunization activities using the monovalent type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) were conducted for the first time in the Western Pacific Region. After use of the monovalent vaccine, the emergence of vaccine-derived poliovirus unrelated to the outbreak virus was detected in healthy children and environmental samples. This report describes the detection of this poliovirus in the Philippines after use of the monovalent type 2 OPV for outbreak response. Methods: We describe the emergence of vaccine-derived poliovirus unrelated to the outbreak detected after supplementary immunization activities using the monovalent type 2 OPV. This analysis included virus characterization, phylogenetic analyses and epidemiological investigations. Results: Three environmental samples and samples from six healthy children tested positive for the emergent vaccine-derived poliovirus. All isolates differed from the Sabin type 2 reference strain by 6–13 nucleotide changes, and all were detected in the National Capital Region and Region 4, which had conducted supplementary immunization activities. Discussion Since the 2016 removal of type 2 strains from the OPV, vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreaks have occurred in communities that are immunologically naive to poliovirus type 2 and in areas with recent use of monovalent OPV. To prevent the emergence and further spread of cVDPV type 2, several interventions could be implemented including optimizing outbreak responses by using the monovalent type 2 OPV, accelerating the availability of the novel type 2 OPV, strengthening routine immunization using inactivated polio vaccine and eventually replacing OPV with inactivated poliovirus vaccine for routine immunization.