Tumor treatment remains a significant medical challenge, with many traditional therapies causing notable side effects. Recent research has led to the development of immunotherapy, which offers numerous advantages. Bacteria inherently possess motility, allowing them to preferentially colonize tumors and modulate the tumor immune microenvironment, thus influencing the efficacy of immunotherapy. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) secreted by gram-negative bacteria are nanoscale lipid bilayer structures rich in bacterial antigens, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), various proteins, and vesicle structures. These features allow OMVs to stimulate immune system activation, generate immune responses, and serve as efficient drug delivery vehicles. This dual capability enhances the effectiveness of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy or phototherapy, thereby improving anticancer drug efficacy. Current research has concentrated on engineering OMVs to enhance production yield, minimize cytotoxicity, and improve the safety and efficacy of treatments. Consequently, OMVs hold great promise for applications in tumor immunotherapy, tumor vaccine development, and drug delivery. This article provides an overview of the structural composition and immune mechanisms of OMVs, details various OMVs modification strategies, and reviews the progress in using OMVs for tumor treatment and their anti-tumor mechanisms. Additionally, it discusses the challenges faced in translating OMV-based anti-tumor therapies into clinical practice, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of OMVs' potential for in-depth research and clinical application.

Pregnant adolescents have been shown to have a higher incidence of health and non-health-related complications that affect both mothers and infants. These include increased risk of pregnancy-related diseases such as anemia and pre-eclampsia, preterm and low-birth-weight babies, as well as other social consequences such as educational and financial difficulties. This mini review evaluates selected articles which explain the attitudes, knowledge, behavior and other risk factors associated with pregnancy among adolescents in developing countries. It also revealed that inadequate knowledge among adolescents about reproductive and sexual health, other social, cultural and peer influences, parenting values, and poor financial and educational status were factors that contribute to adolescent pregnancy. Likewise, a lack of support from parents, educators and healthcare workers had negative impacts on healthy sexual behavior among adolescents, which may ultimately lead to adolescent pregnancy. We conclude that the factors discussed in this review need to be evaluated and taken into consideration by policymakers and healthcare workers when formulating strategies to prevent pregnancies among adolescents.

Epilepsy surgery is a well-established treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy, with awake craniotomy being used in certain cases to remove epileptogenic foci while preserving crucial brain functions. We are presenting the first reported case from Pakistan of a 19-year-old woman who underwent awake epilepsy surgery to treat cortical dysplasia. She had a history of generalized tonic-clonic seizures since her childhood and was referred to our clinic due to an increase in seizure frequency. EEG and MRI identified the epileptogenic focus in the right parieto-temporal region. The patient underwent a neuro-navigation guided awake craniotomy and an excision of the epileptogenic focus in the right parieto-temporal region. The procedure was carried out using a scalp block and dexmedetomidine for conscious sedation, enabling the patient to remain awake throughout the surgery. Intraoperative mapping and electrocorticography were used for complex multidisciplinary care. Post-resection corticography showed no spikes along the resected margins. The patient was discharged without any complications and remained free of symptoms a year after the surgery. Awake epilepsy surgery is a viable option for removing epileptogenic foci while preserving vital cognitive functions. However, it is seldom used in low- and middle-income countries such as Pakistan. The successful outcome of this case underscores the need for greater awareness and availability of epilepsy surgery in resource-limited settings. Cost-effective measures, such as using small subdural strips for intraoperative localization, can be implemented.

Background: Reduced harvest volumes in pediatric donors appear to have the potential to reduce donor-associated risks while maintaining engraftment in recipients; however, the allowable harvest volume reduction remains undefined. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data pairs of 553 bone marrow (BM) harvests from pediatric (age at harvest ＜18 yr) sibling donors and clinical outcomes of 553 pediatric (age at infusion ＜14 yr) transplant-naïve recipients to assess the optimal BM harvest volume needed from pediatric donors to obtain the desired CD34+ cell count (≥3.0×10 6 cells per kg of recipient weight), and to study its impact on the clinical outcomes of transplantation in pediatric recipients. Results: The minimum desired CD34+ cell count of ≥3.0×10 6 per kg of recipient weight was achieved for 506 (95.3%) of donor-recipient pairs. The median CD34+ cell yield was 6.4×10 6 per kg of recipient weight (range, 1.2‒33.8×10 6 ) in donors younger than 5 years old at harvest, 4.7×10 6 (range, 0.3‒28.5×10 6 ) in donors aged 5‒10 years and 2.1×10 6 range, 0.3‒11.3×10 6 ) in donors older than 10 years (P ＜0.001). Conclusion The infused CD34+ cell dose (×10 6 cells/kg of recipient weight) had no impact on GRFS; however, a CD34+ cell dose of ＞7×10 6 cells/kg of recipient weight did not improve hematopoietic recovery

Litorilituus sediminis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, novel bacterium under the family of Colwelliaceae, has a stunning hypothetical protein containing domain called von Hippel-Lindau that has significant tumor suppressor activity. Therefore, this study was designed to elucidate the structure and function of the biologically important hypothetical protein EMK97_00595 (QBG34344.1) using several bioinformatics tools. The functional annotation exposed that the hypothetical protein is an extracellular secretory soluble signal peptide and contains the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL; VHL beta) domain that has a significant role in tumor suppression. This domain is conserved throughout evolution, as its homologs are available in various types of the organism like mammals, insects, and nematode. The gene product of VHL has a critical regulatory activity in the ubiquitous oxygen-sensing pathway. This domain has a significant role in inhibiting cell proliferation, angiogenesis progression, kidney cancer, breast cancer, and colon cancer. At last, the current study depicts that the annotated hypothetical protein is linked with tumor suppressor activity which might be of great interest to future research in the higher organism.

This study is aimed to provide an insight into the types of treatment carried out by postgraduate students in the past 10 years. A retrospective study was carried out between November 2019 and February 2020 by deriving data from postgraduate students’ clinical logbooks of three different cohorts of Master of Clinical Dentistry (Restorative Dentistry in Conservative Dentistry) in 2010, 2013 and 2016. This retrospective data was systematically extracted from the records and tabulated categorically using an Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Office Excel 2019). A descriptive analysis was carried out to further evaluate the results. Overall, the types of treatment carried out in the field of endodontics and fixed prosthodontics has changed in the past 10 years. An increasing trend is seen in the placement of all ceramic crowns and primary root canal treatment procedures, while a decreasing pattern is evident for secondary root canal procedures and placement of dental bridges.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is known to cause reproductive impairment. In men, it has been linked to altered sperm quality and testicular damage. Oxidative stress (OS) plays a pivotal role in the development of DM complications. Glutathione (GSH) is a part of a nonenzymatic antioxidant defense system that protects lipid, protein, and nucleic acids from oxidative damage. However, the protective effects of exogenous GSH on the male reproductive system have not been comprehensively examined. This study determined the impact of GSH supplementation in ameliorating the adverse effect of type 1 DM on sperm quality and the seminiferous tubules of diabetic C57BL/6NTac mice. GSH at the doses of 15 mg kg

Background: Normal saline solution (NSS) has been the fluid of choice for renal transplant patients, but it can lead to hyperchloremic acidosis and hyperkalemia. This study was performed to compare the safety profile of low-chloride solutions with that of NSS in renal transplant patients. Methods: We conducted a systemic review search on PubMed, Embase, and the Central Cochrane Registry. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and matched cohort studies involving NSS as the control arm and low-chloride solutions as an intervention arm were chosen. The standardized mean difference for continuous variables, the odds ratio (OR) for discrete variables, and a 95% confidence interval (CI) for effect sizes were used. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Analysis was performed using a random-effects model irrespective of heterogeneity, which was evaluated using I2 statistics. Results: Nine RCTs and one cohort study with a total of 726 patients were included. After transplantation, serum potassium was significantly lower in the low-chloride group (standardized mean difference compared to NSS group, –0.38 mEq/L; 95% CI, –0.66 to –0.11; p = 0.007). Similarly, postoperative chloride was lower in the low-chloride group (–2.41 mEq/L [–3.34 to –1.48], p < 0.001). No statistically significance was observed in delayed graft function (OR, 0.98 [0.56–1.69], p = 0.93), day 3 creatinine (–0.14 mg/dL [–0.46 to 0.18], p = 0.38), or day 7 urine output (–0.08 L [–0.29 to 0.12], p = 0.43). Conclusion Use of NSS during renal transplant leads to increased incidence of hyperchloremic acidosis with subsequent hyperkalemia, but clinical significance in the form of delayed graft function or postoperative creatinine remains comparable to that of low-chloride solutions.

Intermaxillary tooth size discrepancy (TSD) is the disproportion in patients’ tooth size that is usually referred to the Bolton analysis. This size imbalance may also affect the outcome of orthodontic treatment. Therefore, this retrospective study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intermaxillary tooth size discrepancy (TSD) beyond 2 standard deviation (2 SD) from Bolton’s mean in orthodontic patients and to evaluate the effect of TSD beyond 2 SD of Bolton’s mean on orthodontic treatment outcomes. A total of 226 sets of orthodontic study models that met the selection criteria were selected from 3077 orthodontic cases. Bolton's analysis of the anterior and overall ratios was performed on each of the pre-treatment models. The orthodontic treatment outcomes for the cases which were identified of having TSD beyond 2 SD were evaluated and any interventional techniques to improve the outcome of the treatment were recorded. The results showed that 29.20% of cases had TSD beyond 2 SD of Bolton’s mean. 26.54% of cases had anterior ratio of more than 2 SD. Meanwhile, 7.08% of cases had an overall ratio greater than 2 SD. Of all cases with TSD beyond 2 SP, most of these cases (62.12%) had affected the outcome of orthodontic treatment. In conclusion, there is more than one quarter of orthodontic patients present with TSD beyond 2 SD of Bolton’s mean which may influence the outcome of orthodontic treatment. Intervention techniques should be carefully planned to achieve satisfactory treatment outcomes.