Introduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder that significantly affects adolescent girls, particularly those with overweight or obesity. However, data examining the determinants and metabolic profiles of PCOS among adolescents with overweight and obesity remain limited, especially in Malaysia. This protocol describes a case-control study investigating the cardiometabolic, dietary, and psychosocial determinants of PCOS among adolescents with overweight and obesity. Methodology: This study is designed as a case-control study involving adolescent girls aged 13–16 years with a body mass index z-score >+1 standard deviation. Cases are defined as adolescent girls with a confirmed diagnosis of PCOS based on the recommendations of the 2017 International Consortium of Paediatric Endocrinology (ICPE), while controls are those who do not meet the diagnostic criteria for PCOS. A total sample size of 440 participants is required. Participants will be recruited from 22 secondary schools selected from a list of schools in Kuala Lumpur. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, psychosocial health, physical activity, and dietary intake will be collected using structured questionnaires. Blood samples will be obtained and analyzed for diagnostic testing (free testosterone), exclusion tests (thyroid-stimulating hormone, folliclestimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, prolactin, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate), and biochemical parameters (liver function tests, lipid profile, hemoglobin A1c, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and inflammatory markers). Results: The study is expected to generate comprehensive data on the cardiometabolic, dietary, and psychosocial determinants of PCOS among adolescents with overweight and obesity. The findings will inform early screening strategies and targeted interventions aimed at reducing long-term reproductive and cardiometabolic complications. Conclusion This protocol outlines a structured approach to investigating PCOS in adolescence and addresses current gaps in early identification and risk stratification among highrisk populations.
Adolescent ; Humans ; Case-Control Studies ; Overweight ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ; Obesity

Background: The increased use of digital devices during the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted its impact on the visual and musculoskeletal systems. This study aims to determine the combined prevalence and symptoms of digital-eyestrain and related musculoskeletal disorders and its contributing risk factors. Methods: A one-year cross-sectional study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic among computer-users in financial institutions in Brunei. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed via email, and non- responders reminded. Descriptive statistics and simple proportions were used to determine the sociodemographic factors, usage, prevalence, and digital device related symptoms. Chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression were applied to determine the associated risk factors. Results: Total number of participants was 281 (mean age 36.2 ± 8.3 years, 67.3% females and 62.6% spending >5 hours daily on digital screens without breaks). The prevalence of combined digital-eyestrain and related musculoskeletal disorders was 63.8%. The most common symptoms were pain, stiffness, numbness, or tingling sensation in the shoulder (87.5%), neck (86.3%), and back (85.4%), followed by headache (83.1%), itchy eyes (74.8%), increased light sensitivity (72.5%), and watery eyes (70.7%). Daily computer use of >5 hours without breaks, independently and significantly increased the risk of developing digital-eyestrain and related musculoskeletal disorders over two-fold (OR = 2.38, 95%CI:1.01,5.66). Only 18.5% of the participants had regular eye examinations and 58.7% did not consult a doctor (p<0.01) despite experiencing problems. Conclusion Digital-eyestrain and related musculoskeletal disorders are highly prevalent. Efforts made to manage these problems can prevent permanent damage. Mobility breaks at work, regular eye checkups and proper workplace ergonomics are recommended.

NFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA TOWARDS AESTHETIC DENTISTRY: PERSPECTIVE OF PATIENTS IN UKM KL DENTAL CLINIC Social media is a platform that allows people to search for information on the internet. This study was carried out to evaluate the influence of social media on a patient's choice of aesthetic dental treatment at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur (UKM KL). A cross-sectional study was conducted by collecting data via an online, electronic-based questionnaire. This study involved 266 respondents, with the age range of 18–40 years old. The questionnaire involved four sections; the demographic data, the usage of social media in accessing aesthetic dentistry, the influence of social media on patients choice of aesthetic dental treatment, and the demand for aesthetic dental treatment that are influenced by the social media. Most of the respondents felt that their most used social media platform is WhatsApp (50.8%). About 60.5% of respondents used social media as their first choice of method for obtaining information on aesthetic dental treatment. 155 out of 266 respondents (58.3%) trusted the information that they obtained from social media about dentistry and treatment options. Teeth whitening was the most desired aesthetic treatment among all others, which were selected by 159 out of 266 respondents (59.8%). In conclusion, the most used social media platform among patients at UKM KL is WhatsApp. Social media has been shown to influence patients’ choice of aesthetic dental treatment, as most of the patients utilized social media to obtain information on aesthetic dentistry. Teeth whitening was the most common choice of aesthetic dental treatment, regardless of the age group of the respondents.

Speech and language skills are among the crucial components in determining cochlear implant habilitation outcomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate speech and language skills of Malay cochlear implant children using a developmental scale questionnaire and to identify the demographic factors that contribute to their performance. This study involved 26 children recruited from the National Cochlear Implant Program under the Malaysian Ministry of Health with chronological ages between 33 to 99 months (mean=72, SD=18.9), implant ages between 18 to 71 months (mean=40, SD=13.5) and hearing ages between 13 to 48 months (mean=30, SD=10.5). The instrument used was The Integrated Scale of Development-Malay version 2 (ISD-Mv2). The questionnaires were given to the parents or caregivers followed with by a phone call interview later. Results from the study showed that only 9 subjects (35%) were able score on the ISD-Mv2 equally or higher than their hearing age. From the six components in the ISD-Mv2, cognitive was scored the highest with 96.79% meanwhile expressive language was the lowest with 76.21%. Pearson correlation test revealed strong positive correlation between audition-receptive language (r=0.554, p<0.05) and cognitive–social communication/ pragmatic (r= 0.625, p<0.05). Speech and language performance of children with demographic factors did not show significant differences. The findings suggests that majority of the Malay cochlear implant children demonstrated delayed speech and language performance as compared to normal hearing children.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the first herpesvirus associated to human malignancies. Despite the well-known association between EBV and malignancies, the prevalence of EBV infection in Malaysians with malignancies is unknown. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) was used to conduct a systematic review and metaanalysis of published data in this study. Studies reporting the occurrence of EBV infection in Malaysian malignancy patients were searched in electronic databases like PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar without year or language constraints. The study protocol was filed in PROSPERO (CRD42021273769). A total of 21 studies were included, with 1,036 EBV infection cases among 2,078 malignancy patients. The random-effects model was used to produce summary estimates. The pooled prevalence of EBV infection in Malaysians with malignancy was 36.3% (95% CI, 20.3 – 56.2). When the prevalence estimates were stratified by malignancy type, nasopharyngeal carcinoma has the highest prevalence (90.5%), followed by lymphoma (23.4%), and gastric carcinoma (10.0%). Male patients had a higher cases prevalence and most patients were above the age of 40. In Malaysia, many malignancies are increasingly linked to EBV infection. Screening for EBV infection in malignancy patients is therefore important to determine disease recurrence and metastases.

Varicoceles adversely impact semen quality and sperm DNA fragmentation, which typically improve with surgical repair. Some men with varicoceles have ipsilateral testicular atrophy due to damage from the varicocele. This study assessed semen quality and the sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) response to varicocele repair in men with ipsilateral testicular atrophy (TA) versus men with no testicular atrophy (NTA). Semen parameter values and DFI in both groups were compared preoperatively and postoperatively. The Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used where appropriate. There were 20 men in the TA group and 121 men in the NTA group with no difference in age, varicocele grade, or preoperative semen parameter values between the two groups. The NTA group had a higher preoperative DFI than the TA group. Both groups showed improvement in semen quality postoperatively, only the TA group showed a significant improvement in DFI, whereas the NTA group showed significant improvements in several parameter values and DFI. The change from preoperative to postoperative parameter values when comparing the two groups revealed a difference in total sperm motile count and DFI, with a larger mean improvement in the NTA group than in the TA group. Both TA and NTA groups showed improved semen quality and DFI after varicocele repair, but the NTA group had more improvement than the TA group. However, only total motile count (TMC) and DFI had a significantly greater mean change in preoperative to postoperative response in the NTA group than in the TA group.

PURPOSE: Malaysian disaster relief volunteers have a long and proud history of participating in relief missions within and outside the country. Despite of a plethora of researches into the various areas of disaster relief, there has been a little scholarly activity looking into the experiences of the medical volunteers worldwide and even less research on the experiences of the relief volunteers in Malaysia. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the effect of disaster relief works on volunteers in Malaysia. METHODS: This is a non-experimental cross-sectional design study, which was conducted using survey questionnaire to examine the incidence of burnout, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and the quality of life (QOL) among the disaster relief volunteers. And the study also examined the socio-demographic variables of the participants. In addition, the association between the sociodemographic variable and the preferred coping strategies was also investigated through self-reporting checklist. RESULTS: The findings of this study revealed that 90.9% volunteers (n = 312) experienced some levels of recurring stress throughout their lives, which led to burnout. Also, 96.8% (n = 332) of the participants were categorized as having at least some symptoms of PTSD. However, self-reporting QOL measurements indicated that the participants are, in general, satisfied with their lives. Significant associations between the incidence of burnout, incidence of PTSD and QOL were identified. Both positive coping measures and behavioral or avoidant coping measures were also identified. Furthermore, a number of socio-demographic factors were also seen to interact significantly with burnout, PTSD and QOL. CONCLUSION This study provides some insights into the psychological challenges of disaster relief volunteers in Malaysia, and this impact can last a long time after the volunteers return to their hometowns. Several recommendations including practice development, policy and research were discussed in the study.

The incidence of neurenteric cyst (NC) is rare amongst spine tumors. It is most often asymptomatic but may present with sensory and motor symptoms. When associated with thoracic vertebra fusion it is not reported before, this complicates the placement of pedicle screw during posterior instrumentation. Herein, we report a case of thoracic spinal neurenteric cyst in a 40-year-old man that presents with chronic back pain, left lower limb weakness and numbness. Elective excision of NC over T6-T7 with laminectomy and multilevel posterior instrumentation was successfully performed with significant improvement of the symptoms. Neurenteric cyst is a rare spinal cord lesion which may cause permanent neurological sequalae. Complete surgical excision with spine fixation in this case provides good long-term outcome.

In mammalian cells, transcribed enhancers (TrEns) play important roles in the initiation of gene expression and maintenance of gene expression levels in a spatiotemporal manner. One of the most challenging questions is how the genomic characteristics of enhancers relate to enhancer activities. To date, only a limited number of enhancer sequence characteristics have been investigated, leaving space for exploring the enhancers' DNA code in a more systematic way. To address this problem, we developed a novel computational framework, Transcribed Enhancer Landscape Search (TELS), aimed at identifying predictive cell type/tissue-specific motif signatures of TrEns. As a case study, we used TELS to compile a comprehensive catalog of motif signatures for all known TrEns identified by the FANTOM5 consortium across 112 human primary cells and tissues. Our results confirm that combinations of different short motifs characterize in an optimized manner cell type/tissue-specific TrEns. Our study is the first to report combinations of motifs that maximize classification performance of TrEns exclusively transcribed in one cell type/tissue from TrEns exclusively transcribed in different cell types/tissues. Moreover, we also report 31 motif signatures predictive of enhancers' broad activity. TELS codes and material are publicly available at http://www.cbrc.kaust.edu.sa/TELS.
Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Genomics ; methods ; Humans ; Nucleotide Motifs ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; methods ; Transcription, Genetic

Introduction: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth) dependence is a common psychiatric complication associated with regular kratom use in Malaysia. Hence, it is important to assess the severity of kratom dependence among regular kratom users. The Kratom Dependence Scale (KDS) was introduced to evaluate the degree of severity of kratom dependence among users. This study aimed to translate the original English version of the KDS into Malay and examine the psychometric properties of the KDS (Malay) among Malaysian kratom users. Methods: Initially, parallel translation and back translation of the original English version of the KDS was performed. The KDS (Malay) then was administered to 20 active Malaysian kratom users to assess face and content validities in a pilot study. Finally, the final version was administered to 150 active kratom users to evaluate its internal consistency (Cronbach’s α), face and content validities, discriminative validity, and construct validity, i.e. via exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Results: The KDS (Malay) Cronbach’s α of 0.94 exhibited excellent internal consistency. It also demonstrated construct validity, as EFA showed that all items of the KDS (Malay) fit into a single domain, similar to the original English version. Discriminative validity was also demonstrated by the KDS (Malay), as it could differentiate kratom dependent users from non-kratom dependent users. Conclusion: The KDS (Malay) has acceptable psychometric properties and is suitable to assess severity of kratom dependence in Malaysian kratom users.