Objective To analyze the pathogen spectrum characteristics of infectious diarrhea in children under 5 years old in Zhongshan City from 2023 to 2024,and evaluate the application value of multiple detection technique in monitoring diarrhea syndrome.Methods Diarrhea specimens from hospitalized children under 5 years old in 4 senti-nel hospitals in Zhongshan City from 2023 to 2024 were collected,Luminex? multi-pathogen detection kit(GPP)was used for screening 16 types of pathogens,and fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)was simultaneously used to verify the consistency of detection results of 5 diarrhea virus.Results A total of 578 dia-rrhea specimens were collected,and the positive detection rate of pathogens was 67.13％(n=388).The positive detection rate of viral pathogens was 38.24％,mainly norovirus(21.63％),rotavirus A(10.90％),and sapovirus(4.67％).The positive detection rate of bacterial pathogens was 41.00％,mainly Salmonella spp.(19.55％),Clostridioides di f ficile toxin A/B(14.71％),and Campylobacter sp p.(8.82％).Cryptosporidium,Entamoeba histolytica,and Giardia were not detected.The consistency between GPP and qPCR in detecting viral pathogens reached 95.16％,with a Kappa value of 0.897(x2=465.36,P＜0.001).Conclusion The main pathogens causing diarrhea in children in Zhongshan City are norovirus,Salmonella,and Clostridioides toxin A/B.GPP technique can efficiently construct a multi-pathogen spectrum,and provide reliable technical support for optimizing the monitoring system of diarrhea syndrome.

Objective To analyze the pathogen spectrum characteristics of infectious diarrhea in children under 5 years old in Zhongshan City from 2023 to 2024,and evaluate the application value of multiple detection technique in monitoring diarrhea syndrome.Methods Diarrhea specimens from hospitalized children under 5 years old in 4 senti-nel hospitals in Zhongshan City from 2023 to 2024 were collected,Luminex? multi-pathogen detection kit(GPP)was used for screening 16 types of pathogens,and fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)was simultaneously used to verify the consistency of detection results of 5 diarrhea virus.Results A total of 578 dia-rrhea specimens were collected,and the positive detection rate of pathogens was 67.13％(n=388).The positive detection rate of viral pathogens was 38.24％,mainly norovirus(21.63％),rotavirus A(10.90％),and sapovirus(4.67％).The positive detection rate of bacterial pathogens was 41.00％,mainly Salmonella spp.(19.55％),Clostridioides di f ficile toxin A/B(14.71％),and Campylobacter sp p.(8.82％).Cryptosporidium,Entamoeba histolytica,and Giardia were not detected.The consistency between GPP and qPCR in detecting viral pathogens reached 95.16％,with a Kappa value of 0.897(x2=465.36,P＜0.001).Conclusion The main pathogens causing diarrhea in children in Zhongshan City are norovirus,Salmonella,and Clostridioides toxin A/B.GPP technique can efficiently construct a multi-pathogen spectrum,and provide reliable technical support for optimizing the monitoring system of diarrhea syndrome.

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and control measures of dengue fever in Zhongshan City in 2024, so as to provide insights into optimization of dengue fever control strategies in the city. Methods Data pertaining to dengue fever cases in Zhongshan City in 2024 were collected from the Infectious Disease Reporting System of China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and the epidemiological characteristics of the cases were analyzed using a descriptive statistical method. The density of Aedes albopictus mosquito was monitored across all 23 townships (subdistricts) using Breteau index (BI) and mosquito ovitrap index (MOI) at midmonth each month from March to December 2024. In addition, the climatic characteristics, case reporting patterns, and corresponding control measures were analyzed during different phases of dengue fever epidemics in Zhongshan in 2024. Furthermore, real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) assay was employed to serotype the dengue virus among local dengue fever cases with unknown sources of infections. The dengue virus envelope (E) gene was sequenced using Sanger sequencing among dengue fever cases without apparent epidemiological links. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method to infer major transmission chains during the dengue fever epi demics. Results A total of 952 dengue fever cases were reported in Zhongshan City in 2024, including 879 local cases, 57 domestically imported cases from other regions, and 16 overseas imported cases, representing the largest outbreak in nearly two decades. The first local dengue fever case was reported on July 5, and the last one was detected on December 19, with all townships and subdistricts affected. Mosquito monitoring data indicated that both MOI and BI rose rapidly from March to May, and then remained at high levels with fluctuations, and began to decline in October. The dengue fever epidemic was categorized into five distinct phases in Zhongshan, including non-epidemic, pre-epidemic, early-epidemic, peak, and receding stages. During the pre-epidemic and early-epidemic phases, key measures included enhancing sensitivity of case detection, implementing isolation and treatment of hospitalized cases, and carrying out standardized vector control measures in affected communities. In the peak phase, the strategy shifted towards targeted mosquito control in key communities and clinical rescue and treatment emphasized on “preventing severe cases and deaths”. Among 481 local cases with unknown sources of infections, RT-qPCR assay revealed that 68.8% (331/481) were infected with dengue virus type I and 31.2% (150/481) with type II among local dengue fever cases in Zhongshan City in 2024. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two major transmission chains: one originating from imported cases within Guangdong Province around Zhongshan City, and another from cases imported from Malaysia. Late detection of local dengue fever cases contributed to widespread community outbreaks. Conclusions The 2024 dengue fever epidemic in Zhongshan City was of considerable scale, which was primarily driven by imported cases from overseas and surrounding regions, leading to local community outbreaks. The epidemic began in early July, increased rapidly during August and September, peaked in October, and subsequently declined, with a trend consistent with the average pattern observed in previous high-incidence years. By implementing differentiated control measures tailored to each phase of the epidemic, the local transmission of dengue fever was successfully contained in Zhongshan City in 2024.

Lung cancer remains one of the most prevalent and lethal malignancies worldwide. The advancement of its precise diagnosis and therapeutic development urgently requires in vitro models that can highly recapitulate the pathophysiological characteristics of human tissues. Organ-on-a-chip has emerged as a novel technological platform that integrates microfluidic engineering, biomaterials, and other engineering strategies with organoid culture. This platform enables precise control over the cellular microenvironment, thereby closely mimicking the three-dimensional structure and physiological functions of human organs in vitro. Organ-on-a-chip systems demonstrate significant advantages in cancer research, developmental biology, and disease modeling, as they not only preserve the heterogeneity and pathological features of patient samples but also support co-culture of various cell types to reconstruct the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, standardized construction methods and integrated analytical strategies for this technology in lung cancer research remain to be further refined. This review systematically elaborates on the key technical principles of organ-on-a-chip and its recent advances in lung cancer modeling, drug screening, and immunotherapy research. It aims to provide a theoretical foundation and technical perspective for promoting the deeper application of organ-on-a-chip in precision medicine and translational research for lung cancer.
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Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Organoids/drug effects* ; Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ; Animals ; Tumor Microenvironment

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of rabies in China during 2024 to understand the patterns of disease transmission and provide a scientific basis for optimizing prevention strategies and advancing the rabies elimination process.Methods:Data on the national rabies epidemic in 2024 and case-specific information from national surveillance sites were collected from China's National Notifiable Disease Reporting System（NNDRS）. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the disease trends and epidemic characteristics.Results:In 2024，China reported 167 human rabies cases across 20 provincial-level administrative divisions（PLADs），resulting in 148 fatalities. This represents a 39.17% increase from 2023（120 cases）and the highest annual incidence recorded since 2019. The epidemic exhibited a distinct geographic clustering in central and southern China，with four provinces（Henan，Guangxi，Hunan，and Hubei）accounting for 62.87%（105/167）of nationally reported cases. October（20 cases）and November（20 cases）recorded the highest monthly incidence，while February had the lowest（2 cases）. Farmers constituted the primary affected demographic（80.84%），with a marked male predominance（male-to-female ratio：2.15∶1）-higher than the 2023 ratio（1.86∶1）. Cases spanned all age groups，predominantly affecting middle-aged and older adults. Analysis of 54 cases revealed dogs as the primary exposure source（93.88%），with domestic dogs constituting 75.00% of these.The laboratory diagnosis rate of rabies cases in 2024 was 43.71%（73/167）.Conclusion:After 16 consecutive years of decline，China's rabies epidemic rebounded in 2024，primarily driven by deficiencies in domestic dog management and weaknesses in post-exposure prophylaxis. Key recommendations include enhancing canine vaccination coverage in high-risk areas，implementing targeted health education for farmers and middle-aged and older adults，improving standardized post-exposure treatment protocols，and optimizing integrated surveillance-alert-response systems，ultimately advancing the achievement of rabies elimination goals.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of rabies in China during 2024 to understand the patterns of disease transmission and provide a scientific basis for optimizing prevention strategies and advancing the rabies elimination process.Methods:Data on the national rabies epidemic in 2024 and case-specific information from national surveillance sites were collected from China's National Notifiable Disease Reporting System（NNDRS）. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the disease trends and epidemic characteristics.Results:In 2024，China reported 167 human rabies cases across 20 provincial-level administrative divisions（PLADs），resulting in 148 fatalities. This represents a 39.17% increase from 2023（120 cases）and the highest annual incidence recorded since 2019. The epidemic exhibited a distinct geographic clustering in central and southern China，with four provinces（Henan，Guangxi，Hunan，and Hubei）accounting for 62.87%（105/167）of nationally reported cases. October（20 cases）and November（20 cases）recorded the highest monthly incidence，while February had the lowest（2 cases）. Farmers constituted the primary affected demographic（80.84%），with a marked male predominance（male-to-female ratio：2.15∶1）-higher than the 2023 ratio（1.86∶1）. Cases spanned all age groups，predominantly affecting middle-aged and older adults. Analysis of 54 cases revealed dogs as the primary exposure source（93.88%），with domestic dogs constituting 75.00% of these.The laboratory diagnosis rate of rabies cases in 2024 was 43.71%（73/167）.Conclusion:After 16 consecutive years of decline，China's rabies epidemic rebounded in 2024，primarily driven by deficiencies in domestic dog management and weaknesses in post-exposure prophylaxis. Key recommendations include enhancing canine vaccination coverage in high-risk areas，implementing targeted health education for farmers and middle-aged and older adults，improving standardized post-exposure treatment protocols，and optimizing integrated surveillance-alert-response systems，ultimately advancing the achievement of rabies elimination goals.

Objective:To explore the effects of depressive symptoms on sleep quality in adolescents with depressive disorder, and the mediating roles of cognitive fusion and sleep belief.Methods:A sample of 210 adolescents with first episode depressive disorder aged 12-18 years were recruited to complete 17-item Hamilton depression scale (HAMD-17), Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), cognitive fusion questionnaire (CFQ), and dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep scale (DBAS-16) from November 2021 to July 2022. SPSS 26.0 software was used to perform descriptive analysis and correlation analysis. The mediating effect was tested by Bootstrap analysis using PROCESS V 3.4 Macro program.Results:The incidence of low sleep quality in adolescents with depressive disorder was 69.0%(145/210). HAMD-17 score was (22.4±7.9), PSQI score was (9.7±3.7), CFQ score was (51.6±7.8), DBAS-16 score was (43.5±8.4).PSQI was positively correlated with the scores of HAMD-17 and CFQ( r=0.613, 0.463, both P<0.001).HAMD-17 was positively correlated with CFQ score ( r=0.488, P<0.001).DBAS-16 was negatively correlated with scores of PSQI, HAMD-17 and CFQ( r=-0.326, -0.284, -0.354, all P<0.001). The direct effect of depression on sleep quality was 0.230(95% CI=0.169-0.293). The indirect effect of depression on sleep quality through two pathways, the separate mediating effect value of cognitive fusion was 0.041 (95% CI=0.011-0.074), and the chain mediating effect value of cognitive fusion and sleep beliefs was 0.008(95% CI=0.001-0.020). Conclusion:Depressive symptoms can directly affect sleep quality of depressive disorder adolescents and indirectly through cognitive fusion and sleep beliefs.

Periodontitis and periapical periodontitis have a high incidence rate and often result in the progressive ab-sorption of alveolar bone.This is one of the main causes of tooth loosening and loss.Prolonged local inflammation leads to the proliferation of capillaries,fibroblasts,and inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and lymphocytes.This process results in the replacement of surrounding bone tissue with inflammatory granulation tissue.Traditionally,it has been ad-vocated that inflammatory granulation tissue is pathological and should be completely removed from the extraction sock-et to avoid complications such as bleeding,infection,and poor bone healing after tooth extraction.Although the regener-ative capacity of inflammatory granulation tissue is reduced,it can be enhanced by increasing the body's immunity or by eliminating pathogenic stimuli(such as tooth extraction and root canal treatment).As a result,the fibrous components in the inflammatory granulation tissue gradually increase,while infiltrating inflammatory cells gradually decrease.Ulti-mately,this transformation leads to the formation of reparative granulation tissue,followed by ossification.Furthermore,the use of granulation tissue from the tooth extraction socket for immediate implantation to facilitate wound closure or soft tissue reconstruction has yielded favorable clinical outcomes,and histological studies simultaneously confirmed the presence of mesenchymal stem cells within the inflammatory granulation tissue.Therefore,it is necessary to reconsider the traditional belief that inflammatory granulation tissue must be completely removed.Given the potential of inflamma-tory granulation tissue to undergo osteogenic transformation under appropriate interventions,regulating the transforma-tion of inflammatory granulation tissue into reparative granulation tissue with osteogenic potential represents a novel strategy for the regenerative treatment of dental alveolar inflammatory lesions.This approach holds broad clinical appli-cation prospects and is an important research direction for the future.Reactive oxygen species,NOD-like receptor pro-tein 3,and matrix metalloproteinase K are key regulatory factors involved in the transformation of inflammatory granula-tion tissue into reparative granulation tissue.Furthermore,bone morphogenetic protein 2 and vascular endothelial growth factor are key regulatory factors involved in the osteogenic regeneration of reparative granulation tissue.Howev-er,the molecular mechanisms of these regulatory factors remain unclear;therefore,elucidating their molecular mecha-nisms will help identify suitable targets for promoting the regeneration of dental alveolar inflammatory lesions.Further-more,this will contribute to the development of related biological treatment technologies and drugs,which may ultimate-ly provide a more minimally invasive and effective treatment for inflammatory lesions of alveolar bone.However,it is im-portant to note that research in this field is still in its early stages.There is still considerable progress to be made before clinical translation and application can be achieved.

The irreversible destruction of periodontal tissue caused by periodontitis is the result of an imbalance be-tween external pathogenic factors and the internal immune response.As human immune cells,macrophages have both pro-and anti-inflammatory roles in the occurrence and development of periodontitis.Pathogenic bacteria,inflammatory cytokines,and neutrophils in the periodontal microenvironment can significantly affect the metabolism and functional status of macrophages,and the status of macrophages can regulate disease processes.By activating the NF-κB signaling pathway,the bacteria cause macrophages to undergo M1 proinflammatory polarization and pyroptosis,forming a microen-vironment that induces periodontal tissue destruction.With the development of the disease,numerous apoptotic neutro-phils are recognized and phagocytized by macrophages(i.e.efferocytosis),which can both inhibit the NF-κB pathway and activate the nuclear receptors PPAR and LXR,promoting the anti-inflammatory polarization of M2 and further en-hancing the efferocytosis activity of macrophages.As a result,these treatments can limit tissue inflammatory damage and promote tissue repair.In recent years,periodontitis treatment strategies focusing on macrophage regulation have re-ceived extensive attention,including gene knockout,nanoparticles,exosomes,miRNA,and polyunsaturated fatty acid di-ets.In this article,we review the specific role of macrophages in periodontitis from three aspects,including macrophage polarization,pyroptosis,and efferocytosis,which may improve our understanding of periodontitis and provide possible di-rections for periodontitis treatment strategies.

Rabies is a highly fatal zoonotic disease that is widely prevalent worldwide. Through large-scale immunization measures and other control strategies, rabies has been gradually brought under control. The World Health Organization (WHO) has called for the elimination of canine-mediated human rabies by 2030. Detection of the rabies virus is not only crucial for diagnosing cases but also an essential tool for measuring progress in rabies elimination. This article provides an overview and review of research on rabies virus detection, covering antigen detection techniques, antibody detection techniques, nucleic acid detection techniques, and other detection method.