Objective:This study aims to evaluate the subcortical structural alteration patterns associated with five distinct neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) associated with Parkinson′s disease and provide macroscopic brain structural evidence to further explore their underlying pathophysiological mechanism.Methods:Clinical data and 3D-T 1 weighted images from 505 patients with Parkinson′s disease and 167 age-and sex-matched healthy controls were obtained from the Parkinson′s Progression Markers Initiative database (July 2010-August 2022). The subcortical nucleus volumes of the overall NPS patient group, as well as subgroups of patients with specific NPS subtypes (depression, anxiety, apathy, impulsive-compulsive behaviors (ICBs), and hallucinations), were measured and compared to those of healthy controls through mixed-effects models. Spatial similarity analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis of subcortical volume alteration patterns were employed to investigate the commonalities and specificities of subcortical damage in NPS. Results:NPS patients exhibited widespread subcortical atrophy, primarily concentrated in the bilateral putamen, bilateral hippocampus, and left amygdala (Cohen′s d=-0.38--0.12, FDR P<0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed that anxiety and depression were associated with gray matter atrophy in the bilateral putamen and amygdala (Cohen′s d=-0.73--0.32, FDR P<0.05), while apathy, hallucinations, and ICBs were linked to atrophy in the bilateral putamen, bilateral amygdala, and bilateral hippocampus (Cohen′s d=-0.61--0.11, FDR P<0.05,Cohen′s d=-0.43--0.36, P<0.05). Similarity and clustering analyses demonstrated high spatial correlation between anxiety and depression ( r=0.83, P<0.01), forming one cluster, whereas apathy, hallucinations, and ICBs formed another distinct cluster. Conclusion:NPS in Parkinson′s disease exhibit both commonalities and specificities. Apathy, hallucinations, and ICBs are associated with more severe subcortical damage patterns. These findings may provide new insights into the pathophysiology and progression of Parkinson′s disease.

Objective:This study aims to evaluate the subcortical structural alteration patterns associated with five distinct neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) associated with Parkinson′s disease and provide macroscopic brain structural evidence to further explore their underlying pathophysiological mechanism.Methods:Clinical data and 3D-T 1 weighted images from 505 patients with Parkinson′s disease and 167 age-and sex-matched healthy controls were obtained from the Parkinson′s Progression Markers Initiative database (July 2010-August 2022). The subcortical nucleus volumes of the overall NPS patient group, as well as subgroups of patients with specific NPS subtypes (depression, anxiety, apathy, impulsive-compulsive behaviors (ICBs), and hallucinations), were measured and compared to those of healthy controls through mixed-effects models. Spatial similarity analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis of subcortical volume alteration patterns were employed to investigate the commonalities and specificities of subcortical damage in NPS. Results:NPS patients exhibited widespread subcortical atrophy, primarily concentrated in the bilateral putamen, bilateral hippocampus, and left amygdala (Cohen′s d=-0.38--0.12, FDR P<0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed that anxiety and depression were associated with gray matter atrophy in the bilateral putamen and amygdala (Cohen′s d=-0.73--0.32, FDR P<0.05), while apathy, hallucinations, and ICBs were linked to atrophy in the bilateral putamen, bilateral amygdala, and bilateral hippocampus (Cohen′s d=-0.61--0.11, FDR P<0.05,Cohen′s d=-0.43--0.36, P<0.05). Similarity and clustering analyses demonstrated high spatial correlation between anxiety and depression ( r=0.83, P<0.01), forming one cluster, whereas apathy, hallucinations, and ICBs formed another distinct cluster. Conclusion:NPS in Parkinson′s disease exhibit both commonalities and specificities. Apathy, hallucinations, and ICBs are associated with more severe subcortical damage patterns. These findings may provide new insights into the pathophysiology and progression of Parkinson′s disease.

Ocular accommodation refers to the process by which the ciliary muscle creates a clear image of the object in the retina by changing the refractive power of the lens. When the accommodation ability of the eye is insufficient, the imaging focus falls on the region behind the retina and hyperopic defocus is easily formed, resulting in axial growth and leading to the development of myopia, and it is found that most myopic patients usually have some accommodation dysfunction. Myopia has become a public health problem in China, and the prevalence of adolescents has increased dramatically. How to prevent and stop the occurrence and development of myopia is a major challenge. Previous studies have found that ocular accommodation dysfunction is associated with the occurrence and development of myopia, and the measurement of parameters related to accommodation function has certain guiding significance for the prevention and control of myopia. The purpose of this paper is to review the correlation between myopia and ocular accommodation function, with a view to providing new ideas for the prevention, control and treatment of myopia.

Objective: To understand the prevalence and disease burden of major chronic diseases in the elderly in China and provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of chronic diseases and for the rational allocation of health resources. Methods: We analyzed the prevalence of chronic diseases in residents aged ≥60 years in China by using national and provincial surveillance data of chronic diseases and related risk factors in China. We conducted the analysis on the burden of chronic diseases in the elderly in China by using the data of global burden of disease. Results: The prevalence rates of hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia were 58.3%, 19.4% and 10.5% respectively in residents aged ≥60 years in China. Up to 75.8% of the residents aged ≥60 years had at least one chronic disease. The prevalence rate was higher in women than in men, higher in urban area than in rural area. With the increase of age, the prevalence rate of chronic diseases also increased. The top three chronic diseases with heavy disease burden in residents aged ≥70 years were stroke, myocardial infarction, cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Conclusion The prevalence of major chronic diseases in the elderly is high with three quarters of the elderly suffering from at least one chronic disease, and the burden of chronic diseases is increasing.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of MS in elderly people aged ≥60 years and its related factors in China and provide scientific evidence for prevention and control of MS in the elderly. Methods: Data used in this study were obtained from the 2013 Chinese Chronic Diseases and Risk Factor Surveillance Program. A total of 50 497 people aged ≥60 years were selected and interviewed through multistage stratified cluster sampling at 298 surveillance sites in 31 provinces. According to the Chinese MS diagnostic criteria proposed by the Chinese Medical Association Diabetes Branch in 2017, the prevalence rates of different MS forms were compared, and the main related factors were analyzed. Results: The prevalence rate of MS was 36.9% (95%CI: 35.4-38.5). The prevalence rate was higher in urban area than in the rural area, higher in females than in males, higher in eastern area than in western area. The prevalence rate of MS in elderly people aged ≥70 years was lower than that in those aged 60-69 years. The rate in the elderly with higher education and income levels was higher than that in the elderly with lower socioeconomic level. The comparison of the prevalence of the five forms of MS in the elderly showed that hypertension had the highest prevalence rate (72.8%), followed by hyperglycemia (41.7%) and central obesity (37.6%). The prevalence rates of hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C were 25.8% and 17.5%. The risk for MS in women was 1.20 times higher than that in men. Age, gender, education level, living area and urban or rural residence were the main factors influencing the prevalence of MS. Smoking, drinking and physical activity levels were correlated with MS. Conclusions The risk for MS was higher in women than in men in China’s elderly population, and the risk was related to socioeconomic level and life behaviors. It is recommended to carry out lifestyle interventions, such as increasing exercise and having reasonable diet for the elderly patients with MS. Hypertension and diabetes patients also need to be treated with drugs to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia among Chinese adults in different geographic areas, and to analyze the related factors. Methods: China Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance was conducted in 2013, based on 298 counties/districts in 31 provinces of Chinese mainland. The adults aged 18 years old were randomly selected using multi-stage stratified clustering sampling method. Information on chronic disease and risk factors was collected using face-to-face questionnaire interview and physical measurement. Blood samples were collected by local staffs. Serum total cholesterol (TC) was determined using standard method in a central laboratory. After excluding 565 participants missing key variables and 1 558 participants with abnormal TC values, a total of 174 976 participants were included. Weighted prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was calculated. Hypercholesterolemia related individual or geographic determinants were defined using multilevel logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in Chinese adults age 18 years old and above was 6.9% (95%CI: 6.4%-7.3%), ranged from 3.0% (95%CI: 2.5%-3.4%) in the northwest of China to 14.2% (95%CI: 12.9%-15.5%) in the south (χ²=183.42, P<0.001). The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was higher in 6 provinces including Tianjin, Liaoning, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan (≥9.0%), but lower in 7 provinces including Shanxi, Shannxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang, and Tibet (<3.9%). There was a 1.27 fold variation in hypercholesterolemia prevalence by provincial level, and 72.5% of the geographical variation in hypercholesterolemia prevalence was account for by area-level determinants. With multilevel logistic analysis, the individual risk factors associated with hypercholesterolemia included aging, higher education level or annual household income per capita, regular drinking, too much red meal intake, inactivity, overweight or obesity. For geographic factors, residents living at south China, counties/districts with higher urbanization rates, higher education level or lower standardized death rates were more likely to have hypercholesterolemia (all P<0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was high in Chinese adults, it was different between regions and related with characteristics of population, individual behaviors and geographical regions.

Objective To investigate the prevalence and co-prevalence of tobacco use,excessive alcohol use,insufficient intake of vegetable and fruit,physical inactivity,and overweight or obesity in floating population and influencing factors in China,2012.Methods Data from the 2012 China Chronic Disease Risk Factor Survey in Floating Population in China were used.In this survey,48 704 people aged 18-59 years in floating population were selected through stratified multistage clustering sampling in 170 counties and districts from 31 province (autonomous regions and municipalities) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps.The gender specific prevalence and co-prevalence of five risk factors were estimated,and the rank sum test was used for result comparison.Results Among the people surveyed,27.4％ had one risk factor,37.1％ had two risk factors,28.5％ had ≥3 risk factors.The prevalence or co-prevalence of risk factors were positively correlated with age (P＜0.05),income level (P＜0.05) and migration time (P＜0.05),and negatively correlated with educational level (P＜0.05).People who were males,in Han ethnic group,engaged in construction and from other provinces were more likely to have more risk factors (P＜0.05).Conclusion The prevalence and co-prevalence of tobacco use,excessive alcohol use,insufficient intake of vegetable and fruit,physical inactivity and overweight or obesity were high in floating population in China,suggesting that it is necessary to strengthen the comprehensive behavior intervention in floating population.

Objective To investigate the appropriate model of medical transportation for the injured/patients at the Aceh Airport United Medical Transportation Center after the disaster of Indonesian tsunami, and evaluate the reasonable usage of rescue resources.Methods Process of the joint transportation that was the first cooperation between China International Search and Rescue Team (CISAR) and the teams of other countries for the injured/patients after the disaster of Indonesian tsunami was reviewed and summarized.Results The united medical transportation center of Aceh Airport was proposed and organized by United States Agency for International Development (USAID), International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the US military.Helicopter evacuation of the injured/patients from the traffic blocked refugee and islands to Aceh Airport was undertaken by the US military, Indonesian government, Australian and Singapore Air Force.Medical staffs and volunteers from China, United States and Australia were responsible for the emergency medication there, including triage, treatment and the transportation to incity hospitals.Totally 217critical injuries/diseases were treated at the center.The top three diseases were injuries/infected wounds, acute respiratory system diseases and acute digestive system diseases.Conclusions A medical rescue mode is established with taking united medical transportation center as the hub and the rescues could be afforded along with the sequence from disaster-hit area to helicopter, to center and finally to hospitals.The united transportation and treatment on the base of the cooperation among rescue teams, the military and international organizations compose the model that enabling effectiveness, making the most of resources and planning as a whole.Powerful air transportation capability is vital to the rapid relief response and effectively solves the bottleneck of transportation.

Objective To investigate the appropriate model of medical transportation for the injured/patients at the Aceh Airport United Medical Transportation Center after the disaster of Indonesian tsunami, and evaluate the reasonable usage of rescue resources.Methods Process of the joint transportation that was the first cooperation between China International Search and Rescue Team (CISAR) and the teams of other countries for the injured/patients after the disaster of Indonesian tsunami was reviewed and summarized.Results The united medical transportation center of Aceh Airport was proposed and organized by United States Agency for International Development (USAID), International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the US military.Helicopter evacuation of the injured/patients from the traffic blocked refugee and islands to Aceh Airport was undertaken by the US military, Indonesian government, Australian and Singapore Air Force.Medical staffs and volunteers from China, United States and Australia were responsible for the emergency medication there, including triage, treatment and the transportation to incity hospitals.Totally 217critical injuries/diseases were treated at the center.The top three diseases were injuries/infected wounds, acute respiratory system diseases and acute digestive system diseases.Conclusions A medical rescue mode is established with taking united medical transportation center as the hub and the rescues could be afforded along with the sequence from disaster-hit area to helicopter, to center and finally to hospitals.The united transportation and treatment on the base of the cooperation among rescue teams, the military and international organizations compose the model that enabling effectiveness, making the most of resources and planning as a whole.Powerful air transportation capability is vital to the rapid relief response and effectively solves the bottleneck of transportation.