BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Orthodontic tooth movement is driven by bone remodeling influenced by systemic factors, including caffeine and ethanol. This study aimed to investigate the effects of caffeine and ethanol on the expression of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κβ (RANK) and Osteoprotegerin (OPG), key bone remodeling biomarkers, during orthodontic tooth movement.

METHODS

A laboratory experimental study was conducted on 30 male Wistar rats divided into three groups: K1 (orthodontic force only), K2 (force + caffeine), and K3 (force + ethanol). Orthodontic force was applied using Ni-Ti coil springs. Caffeine and ethanol were administered orally daily. On days 7 and 14, maxillary tissues were collected and analyzed via immunohistochemistry for RANK and OPG expression. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA and Independent Sample T-tests with significance at pRESULTS

Caffeine and ethanol administration increased RANK and OPG expression compared to controls; however, only the ethanol group showed a significant increase in RANK expression on day 14 (p = 0.044). OPG expression was significantly higher in treatment groups at both time points (pCONCLUSION

Caffeine and ethanol modulate bone remodeling marker expression during orthodontic force application, with ethanol significantly increasing RANK expression at later stages. Further studies are needed to clarify the clinical implications for orthodontic treatment.

Animals ; Tooth Movement Techniques ; Tooth Movement ; Osteoprotegerin ; Role ; Movement ; Ethanol ; Bone Remodeling ; Caffeine ; Immunohistochemistry

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Orthodontic tooth movement is driven by bone remodeling influenced by systemic factors, including caffeine and ethanol. This study aimed to investigate the effects of caffeine and ethanol on the expression of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κβ (RANK) and Osteoprotegerin (OPG), key bone remodeling biomarkers, during orthodontic tooth movement.

METHODS

A laboratory experimental study was conducted on 30 male Wistar rats divided into three groups: K1 (orthodontic force only), K2 (force + caffeine), and K3 (force + ethanol). Orthodontic force was applied using Ni-Ti coil springs. Caffeine and ethanol were administered orally daily. On days 7 and 14, maxillary tissues were collected and analyzed via immunohistochemistry for RANK and OPG expression. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA and Independent Sample T-tests with significance at pRESULTS

Caffeine and ethanol administration increased RANK and OPG expression compared to controls; however, only the ethanol group showed a significant increase in RANK expression on day 14 (p = 0.044). OPG expression was significantly higher in treatment groups at both time points (pCONCLUSION

Caffeine and ethanol modulate bone remodeling marker expression during orthodontic force application, with ethanol significantly increasing RANK expression at later stages. Further studies are needed to clarify the clinical implications for orthodontic treatment.

Animals ; Tooth Movement Techniques ; Tooth Movement ; Osteoprotegerin ; Role ; Movement ; Ethanol ; Bone Remodeling ; Caffeine ; Immunohistochemistry

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammation of the skin that often appears in early childhood. The manifestation is related to the tendency towards T helper 2 cytokine immune responses (interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5). Genetic factors are suggested to play important roles in AD, and it can be transmitted to newborns, increasing their risk of developing allergies. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between cord-blood cytokine levels (IL-5, interferon (IFN) γ), cord-blood total immunoglobulin E (IgE) level, perinatal environmental exposure, and the risks of allergy as well as the development of AD in the first 6 months of life. METHODS: A 6-month cohort study with a nested case-control within was conducted on newborns in Jakarta from December 2008 until May 2009. After the umbilical cord blood samples were taken and stored, subjects were followed up monthly until 6 months old. The occurrence of AD and lifestyle or environmental exposures were recorded. The allergic risk was determined using a modified pediatric allergy immunology work groups scoring system based on allergic history (allergic rhinitis, asthma, AD) in the family. The levels of IL-5 and IFN-γ were measured using ELISA and total IgE by CAP system FEIA. Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate risk factors. RESULTS: This study was conducted on 226 subjects. The incidence of AD was 16.4%; of those, 59% had low risk allergy, 38.5% moderate, and 2% high risk. AD mostly occurred at the age of 1 month (57%). Cord blood samples were examined in 37 subjects with AD and 51 without AD; of those, 25% showed high levels of total IgE (>1.2 IU/µL), and 51% showed normally-distributed high absorbance IL-5 values (≥0.0715, absolute value was undetected). The increased level of IL-5 was directly proportional to IgE. High absorbance IFN-γ values (≥0.0795, absolute value = 18.681 pg/µL) were observed in 52% of subjects. CONCLUSION: The associations between the risk of allergy in the family, cord-blood total IgE, IL-5, IFN levels, and some perinatal environmental exposure with AD in the first 6 months of life have not been established.
Allergy and Immunology ; Asthma ; Case-Control Studies ; Cohort Studies ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Environmental Exposure ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Fetal Blood ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulins ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Inflammation ; Interferons ; Interleukin-5 ; Life Style ; Multivariate Analysis ; Rhinitis ; Risk Factors ; Skin