ObjectiveTo explore the mediating effect of psychological resilience and empathy on the relationship between job stress and job burnout in clinical medical graduate students. Methods A total of 437 graduated students of clinical medicine or related majors were selected as the research subjects using a stratified sampling method. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, Perceived Stress Scale, and Maslach Burnout Inventory were used to measure their psychological resilience, empathy, job stress, and job burnout. Results The average scores for psychological resilience, empathy, job stress, and job burnout among the research subjects were (90.2±13.4), (93.8±10.1), (53.7±12.2) and (47.3±12.6), respectively. The detection rate of job burnout was 37.5%. The results of the structural equation model showed that psychological resilience and empathy partially mediated the relationship between job stress and job burnout, with psychological resilience accounting for 13.6% and empathy accounting for 41.3% of the mediating effect. Conclusion Psychological resilience and empathy play a significant mediating role in the relationship between job stress and job burnout among clinical medical graduate students.