BACKGROUND:With the development of oral implantology,implant restoration has gradually become the first choice of restoration after missing teeth,and bone augmentation procedures have led to the expansion of implant indications and the improvement of the success rate of implant restoration.However,the long-term stability of bone height,width and volume after bone augmentation surgery has been one of the clinical difficulties for oral implantologists.OBJECTIVE:To measure and analyze the bone width,height,and volume of different sites in the bone augmentation area at different time points using cone-beam CT and an automatic image alignment program.METHODS:Seventeen patients with severe bone defects in the upper anterior region who underwent Onlay bone block grafting in the external oblique region were recruited from the Department of Stomatology,Zhejiang Tongde Hospital.There were 10 males and 7 females,with a mean age of(45.88±12.47)years.The cone-beam CT scans of the patients' Onlay bone grafts were taken at five time points:preoperatively,immediately postoperatively,6 months postoperatively,immediately post implantation,and 6 months post implantation,and then were statistically analyzed for alveolar bone volume,width,and height in the bone augmentation area,as well as for the difference in the alveolar bone volume of the bone incremental area between patients of different sexes and age.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The alveolar bone volume in the bone augmentation area was higher immediately and 6 months after bone grafting than before bone grafting(P＜0.05)as well as was higher immediately after bone grafting than 6 months after bone grafting(P＜0.05).The alveolar bone height in the bone augmentation area was higher immediately and 6 months after bone grafting than before bone grafting(P＜0.05).The horizontal width of the alveolar bone at various sites in the bone augmentation area immediately and 6 months after bone grafting was higher than that before bone grafting(P＜0.05).(2)There was no significant difference in the volume of bone graft resorption at various sites in the bone augmentation area between males and females immediately and 6 months after bone grafting(P＞0.05).Pearson correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between age and the change in bone augmentation area volume immediately and 6 months after bone grafting,but the difference was not statistically significant(P＞0.05).(3)Twenty-five dental implants with completed implant restorations functioned normally,and the survival rate of the implants was 100％.To conclude,Onlay bone graft implant restoration in the upper anterior region can significantly improve insufficient bone with favorable outcomes.However,there is some amount of bone resorption in the bone augmentation area at 6 months after Onlay bone grafting and it is necessary to open up the second surgical area.Clinicians should consider different bone augmentation procedures in accordance with the specific circumstances.

BACKGROUND:3D-printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds have obvious advantages in the research and clinical treatment of bone defect repair.As one of the important raw materials for 3D printed bone scaffolds,poly-L-lactic acid has a great potential for application in performing bone defect repair,but clinical patients with different bone defect causative factors have different requirements for the comprehensive performance of poly-L-lactic acid bone scaffolds.OBJECTIVE:To summarize and review the development of 3D printing technology and poly-L-lactic acid scaffolds and the design strategies chosen for scaffolds for bone repair in the setting of bone diseases such as osteomyelitis,bone tumor,osteonecrosis,and osteoporosis.METHODS:Literature from CNKI,WanFang,PubMed,Science Direct,and Web of Science databases were searched and screened from 1994 to 2024.Search terms were"3D printing,polylactic acid,bone tissue engineering scaffold,osteomyelitis,bone tumor,osteonecrosis,osteoporosis,bone defect"in Chinese and English.The screened 62 articles were systematically summarized and analyzed.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Poly-L-lactic acid is considered to be an ideal raw material for artificial bone scaffold design due to its non-toxicity,processability,biocompatibility,and ability to self-degrade in the human environment.The application of 3D printing technology has enabled poly-L-lactic acid bone scaffolds to meet the multilayered and porous structural design requirements of biomimetic artificial bone repair materials,and to optimize the mechanical properties for better bone repair.(2)According to different bone disease microenvironments,timely adjustment of the functional design of poly-L-lactic acid scaffolds is important for the comprehensive osteogenic efficacy of the scaffolds.The article discusses the application of poly-L-lactic acid scaffolds in bone disease environments such as osteomyelitis,bone tumor,osteonecrosis,and osteoporosis,and highlights the importance of rationally grasping the timing of bone disease treatment and bone tissue regeneration for bone defects caused by different bone diseases.(3)Although poly-L-lactic acid scaffolds show potential in bone repair,there are still some problems,such as the need to further optimize the structural design of the scaffolds to fit new bone regeneration,enhance the bioactivity of the scaffolds,and take into account other functions(e.g.,antimicrobial,anti-tumor,and anti-osteoporosis)in order to adapt to the needs of bone tissue repair in different pathological environments.

BACKGROUND:The number of patients receiving total knee arthroplasty has been increasing globally each year.Pain management is a crucial aspect following total knee arthroplasty,as effective pain control can facilitate early mobilization,reduce complications,enhance patient satisfaction,and accelerate the rehabilitation process.OBJECTIVE:To construct a visual map of post-total knee arthroplasty pain,understand the international research status and trends in this field,and provide a reference for future studies.METHODS:Relevant research articles on post-total knee arthroplasty pain were retrieved from the CNKI,WanFang Data,and Web of Science core databases,covering the period from January 2000 to December 2023.The CiteSpace software(version 6.2.3)was used to analyze the annual publication output,authors,institutions,countries,keywords,and references.Utilizing R programming language(version 4.4.1),a database was established to create line charts and bar graphs.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Our analysis included 3 796 publications,predominantly in Chinese(3 509 articles)with the remainder in English(287 articles).(2)The United States was the most productive country in English literature,with Harvard University leading institutional output.Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine was the top publishing institution in Chinese literature.(3)Keyword clustering identified"quality of life,""phobia,"and"acupuncture"as emerging focal points in Chinese literature,while"satisfaction"and"psychological factors"were prominent in English literature over the past five years.Co-occurrence and clustering analysis revealed dense internal connections among institutions,authors,and publications,but sparse external collaborations.(4)The study's bias on visualization analysis may have introduced bias by excluding less influential papers.(5)Regarding research hotspots,domestic research emphasized the efficacy and exploration of analgesic methods,in contrast to international research that focused on pain mechanism subtyping and analgesic drug innovation.Future research is expected to trend towards traditional Chinese medicine for postoperative pain,multimodal analgesia,and the investigation and prevention of pain typing mechanisms.

BACKGROUND:With the development of oral implantology,implant restoration has gradually become the first choice of restoration after missing teeth,and bone augmentation procedures have led to the expansion of implant indications and the improvement of the success rate of implant restoration.However,the long-term stability of bone height,width and volume after bone augmentation surgery has been one of the clinical difficulties for oral implantologists.OBJECTIVE:To measure and analyze the bone width,height,and volume of different sites in the bone augmentation area at different time points using cone-beam CT and an automatic image alignment program.METHODS:Seventeen patients with severe bone defects in the upper anterior region who underwent Onlay bone block grafting in the external oblique region were recruited from the Department of Stomatology,Zhejiang Tongde Hospital.There were 10 males and 7 females,with a mean age of(45.88±12.47)years.The cone-beam CT scans of the patients' Onlay bone grafts were taken at five time points:preoperatively,immediately postoperatively,6 months postoperatively,immediately post implantation,and 6 months post implantation,and then were statistically analyzed for alveolar bone volume,width,and height in the bone augmentation area,as well as for the difference in the alveolar bone volume of the bone incremental area between patients of different sexes and age.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The alveolar bone volume in the bone augmentation area was higher immediately and 6 months after bone grafting than before bone grafting(P＜0.05)as well as was higher immediately after bone grafting than 6 months after bone grafting(P＜0.05).The alveolar bone height in the bone augmentation area was higher immediately and 6 months after bone grafting than before bone grafting(P＜0.05).The horizontal width of the alveolar bone at various sites in the bone augmentation area immediately and 6 months after bone grafting was higher than that before bone grafting(P＜0.05).(2)There was no significant difference in the volume of bone graft resorption at various sites in the bone augmentation area between males and females immediately and 6 months after bone grafting(P＞0.05).Pearson correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between age and the change in bone augmentation area volume immediately and 6 months after bone grafting,but the difference was not statistically significant(P＞0.05).(3)Twenty-five dental implants with completed implant restorations functioned normally,and the survival rate of the implants was 100％.To conclude,Onlay bone graft implant restoration in the upper anterior region can significantly improve insufficient bone with favorable outcomes.However,there is some amount of bone resorption in the bone augmentation area at 6 months after Onlay bone grafting and it is necessary to open up the second surgical area.Clinicians should consider different bone augmentation procedures in accordance with the specific circumstances.

BACKGROUND:3D-printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds have obvious advantages in the research and clinical treatment of bone defect repair.As one of the important raw materials for 3D printed bone scaffolds,poly-L-lactic acid has a great potential for application in performing bone defect repair,but clinical patients with different bone defect causative factors have different requirements for the comprehensive performance of poly-L-lactic acid bone scaffolds.OBJECTIVE:To summarize and review the development of 3D printing technology and poly-L-lactic acid scaffolds and the design strategies chosen for scaffolds for bone repair in the setting of bone diseases such as osteomyelitis,bone tumor,osteonecrosis,and osteoporosis.METHODS:Literature from CNKI,WanFang,PubMed,Science Direct,and Web of Science databases were searched and screened from 1994 to 2024.Search terms were"3D printing,polylactic acid,bone tissue engineering scaffold,osteomyelitis,bone tumor,osteonecrosis,osteoporosis,bone defect"in Chinese and English.The screened 62 articles were systematically summarized and analyzed.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Poly-L-lactic acid is considered to be an ideal raw material for artificial bone scaffold design due to its non-toxicity,processability,biocompatibility,and ability to self-degrade in the human environment.The application of 3D printing technology has enabled poly-L-lactic acid bone scaffolds to meet the multilayered and porous structural design requirements of biomimetic artificial bone repair materials,and to optimize the mechanical properties for better bone repair.(2)According to different bone disease microenvironments,timely adjustment of the functional design of poly-L-lactic acid scaffolds is important for the comprehensive osteogenic efficacy of the scaffolds.The article discusses the application of poly-L-lactic acid scaffolds in bone disease environments such as osteomyelitis,bone tumor,osteonecrosis,and osteoporosis,and highlights the importance of rationally grasping the timing of bone disease treatment and bone tissue regeneration for bone defects caused by different bone diseases.(3)Although poly-L-lactic acid scaffolds show potential in bone repair,there are still some problems,such as the need to further optimize the structural design of the scaffolds to fit new bone regeneration,enhance the bioactivity of the scaffolds,and take into account other functions(e.g.,antimicrobial,anti-tumor,and anti-osteoporosis)in order to adapt to the needs of bone tissue repair in different pathological environments.

BACKGROUND:The number of patients receiving total knee arthroplasty has been increasing globally each year.Pain management is a crucial aspect following total knee arthroplasty,as effective pain control can facilitate early mobilization,reduce complications,enhance patient satisfaction,and accelerate the rehabilitation process.OBJECTIVE:To construct a visual map of post-total knee arthroplasty pain,understand the international research status and trends in this field,and provide a reference for future studies.METHODS:Relevant research articles on post-total knee arthroplasty pain were retrieved from the CNKI,WanFang Data,and Web of Science core databases,covering the period from January 2000 to December 2023.The CiteSpace software(version 6.2.3)was used to analyze the annual publication output,authors,institutions,countries,keywords,and references.Utilizing R programming language(version 4.4.1),a database was established to create line charts and bar graphs.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Our analysis included 3 796 publications,predominantly in Chinese(3 509 articles)with the remainder in English(287 articles).(2)The United States was the most productive country in English literature,with Harvard University leading institutional output.Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine was the top publishing institution in Chinese literature.(3)Keyword clustering identified"quality of life,""phobia,"and"acupuncture"as emerging focal points in Chinese literature,while"satisfaction"and"psychological factors"were prominent in English literature over the past five years.Co-occurrence and clustering analysis revealed dense internal connections among institutions,authors,and publications,but sparse external collaborations.(4)The study's bias on visualization analysis may have introduced bias by excluding less influential papers.(5)Regarding research hotspots,domestic research emphasized the efficacy and exploration of analgesic methods,in contrast to international research that focused on pain mechanism subtyping and analgesic drug innovation.Future research is expected to trend towards traditional Chinese medicine for postoperative pain,multimodal analgesia,and the investigation and prevention of pain typing mechanisms.

AIM:To investigate the therapeutic ef-fect of crocetin on diabetic lower limb ischemia and explore its underlying mechanism.METHODS:Male C57BL/6J mice aged 8 weeks were used to es-tablish a diabetic mouse model through intraperito-neal injection of streptozotocin(STZ).Following successful induction of diabetes,femoral artery li-gation(FAL)surgery was performed to create a model of diabetic lower limb ischemia.Fourteen days after STZ injection,the mice were treated with crocetin(3 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg)by gavage for 21 consecutive days.Post-FAL surgery,Doppler flowmetry was employed to assess blood flow in the mice of each group.Immunofluorescence stain-ing techniques were utilized to observe the expres-sion levels of platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule(CD31),α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA),and inflammatory-related factors including tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-1β(IL-1β),in-terleukin-6(IL-6),and transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)in the gastrocnemius muscle of diabetic mice with lower limb ischemia.RESULTS:Com-pared to the normal group,the model group exhib-ited significantly elevated blood glucose levels and significantly reduced lower limb blood flow(P＜0.05).While CD31 and α-SMA expression showed no significant change,the expression levels of TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,and TGF-β were significantly in-creased(P＜0.05,P＜0.01,P＜0.05,P＜0.05).Com-pared to the model group,crocetin-treated groups showed no significant change in blood glucose lev-els but demonstrated significantly increased lower limb blood flow(P＜0.05).The high-dose crocetin group(6 mg/kg)significantly enhanced CD31 andα-SMA expression(P＜0.0001,P＜0.05)and signifi-cantly reduced the expression levels of IL-1β,IL-6,and TGF-β(P＜0.001,P＜0.05,P＜0.05).CONCLU-SION:Crocetin may exert its beneficial effects on diabetic lower limb ischemia through anti-inflam-matory and angiogenic mechanisms.

Objective To investigate the impact of adductor canal block(ACB)in combination with popliteal plexus block(PPB)on patients undergoing arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction(ACLR).Methods Patients who underwent primary unilateral ACLR treatment at our hospital between March 2022 and November 2023 were recruited as the research subjects.They were randomly allocated into the ACB group(n=43 cases)and the combined PPB group(n=47 cases)using a coin-toss method.Patients in the ACB group received ACB,while those in the combined PPB group received ACB in conjunction with PPB.The pain intensity,analgesic effect,adverse reactions,and postoperative status following ACLR were compared between the two groups.Results The Visual Analogue Scale(VAS)scores of the combined PPB group were significantly lower than those of the ACB group at 4 hours,8 hours,12 hours,24 hours,and 48 hours post ACLR(P<0.05).Repeated measures analysis of variance of VAS scores in the resting and active exercise states of ACLR patients in the two groups revealed that the group effect had F-values of 162.052/142.173 and P-values of 0.000/0.000,the time effect had F-values of 74.223/65.515 and P-values of 0.000/0.000,and the interaction effect had an f-value of 4.707/.The cumulative dose of sufentanil,the frequency of postoperative analgesia,and the proportion of posterior knee pain in the combined PPB group were all lower than those in the ACB group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in adverse reactions between the ACB group and the combined PPB group(P>0.05).The hospitalization duration and the time to achieve active straight leg raise in the combined PPB group were shorter than those in the ACB group,while the analgesic satisfac-tion score was higher than that in the ACB group(P<0.05).Conclusion The combination of ACB and PPB in ACLR can effectively alleviate postoperative pain,reduce the requirements for sufentanil and analgesic interven-tions,enhance patient satisfaction,shorten the hospitalization period and the time to achieve active straight leg raise,and promote early patient recovery without increasing the risk of adverse reactions.

Ultraviolet exposure may promote the development of androgenetic alopecia. On the one hand, ultraviolet irradiation can cause perifollicular inflammation through oxidative stress and microecological changes, and can also induce keratinocytes, melanocytes and mast cells to participate in the development of follicular microinflammation; on the other hand, ultraviolet irradiation can cause the aging of hair follicle stem cells, dermal papilla cells and dermal fibroblasts, as well as the increase of elastic fibers. This review summarizes relevant literature in recent years, in order to provide a theoretical basis for advocating protection of the hair and scalp against sunlight to prevent androgenetic alopecia.

Objective:To investigate the improvement effects and mechanism of matrine(Mat)on inflammation and pulmo-nary fibrosis in rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)based on the transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)/signal transduction protein Smad3 pathway.Methods:The COPD model rats were established by the method of smoking combined with lipo-polysaccharide(LPS).The rats were grouped into COPD group,Mat group(100 mg/kg)and Mat+TGF-β1 group(100 mg/kg Mat+1.25 μg/kg TGF-β1),in addition,with 15 rats in each group.Another 15 randomly selected rats were set as a control group before modeling.Lung function analyzer was applied to detect the lung function of rats;HE staining was applied to observe the pathological changes of lung tissue in rats;the contents of TNF-α,IL-1β,TGF-β1 in the supernatant of alveolar lavage fluid(BALF)were detect-ed by ELISA;TUNEL staining was applied to observe apoptosis in lung tissue;immunohistochemistry was applied to detect the expres-sions of caspase-3 and matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9)proteins in lung tissue;Western blot was applied to detect the expression of TGF/Smad3 pathway related proteins.Results:Compared with the control group,there were obvious inflammatory cell infiltration and cell exfoliation in the lung tissue of COPD rats,FVC,FEV0.1/FVC,FEV0.3/FVC obviously decreased(P<0.05);the levels of TNF-α,IL-1β,TGF-β1,the number of apoptotic cells,the expressions of caspase-3,MMP-9,TGF-β1,p-Smad3,Fibronectin,Col-lagen Ⅰ and α-SMA obviously increased(P<0.05);compared with COPD group,the pathological damage of lung tissue in Mat group was obviously improved,while FVC,FEV0.1/FVC and FEV0.3/FVC obviously increased(P<0.05);the levels of TNF-α,IL-1β,TGF-β1,the number of apoptotic cells,the expressions of caspase-3,MMP-9,TGF-β1,p-Smad3,Fibronectin,Collagen Ⅰ and α-SMA obviously increased(P<0.05);compared with Mat group,Mat+TGF-β1 group obviously reversed the improvement effect of Mat on COPD rats.Conclusion:Mat can improve pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in COPD rats,which may be related to inhibiting the activation of TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway.