Objective To develop and evaluate the equivalence of the Mandarin test material for tracking of noise tolerance(TNT)test.Methods Six different speech materials were developed(themes including daily life,entertainment,family,festivals,outdoors,and school).Four-minute TNT tests were measured in 21 normal hear-ing subjects using six different test materials.For each session,the tolerable noise level(TNL)and TNT scores were acquired and calculated for 3 time windows(31～240 s,31～120 s,151～240 s).Results Statistic analysis showed significant differences in the TNL(F=43.611,P＜0.05)among the normal hearing listeners.There were statistically significant differences in standardize z-scored TNT scores of the six different materials in the three time windows(P＜0.05).Post-hoc comparisons revealed that all significant differences involved the family and daily life themes.Conclusion Entertainment,festival,outdoors and school themed test materials can serve as the materials of Mandarin tracking of noise tolerance test and can be appied in research and clinical testing.

Prepulse inhibition(PPI)of the startle response is a complex auditory-behavioral re-sponse that provides a valuable method for assessing the auditory-sensory gating system in humans and experimental animals.Its neural pathway involves the central auditory cortex and is therefore important for exploring developmental changes in the auditory cortex of animals and humans,especially in infants and children.In this paper,we will summarize the research of PPI in the field of auditory science in re-cent years and discuss the future development trend.

Objective To evaluate the Mandarin tracking of noise tolerance(TNT)test material and compare the differences between the average tolerable noise level(aTNL)value obtained from assessment and the program-estimated tolerable noise level(eTNL).Methods A total of 25 subjects with normal hearing and aural communica-tional ability were selected to undergo two of the mandarin TNT tests successively(respectively test 1,C1;test 2,C2),and 13 of them completed the third test(C3)under the same test condition as test 2 at least 1 week later.The stimulus for the three test conditions was presented with"speech 0°,continuous noise 180°".Results The aTNL of 25 participants for C1 and C2 was 83.42±3.09 dB SPL and 83.50±3.18 dB SPL,respectively.The eTNL of 25 participants for C1 and C2 were 84.08±3.53 dB SPL and 83.95±3.85 dB SPL,respectively.The aTNL and eT-NL for 13 subjects who participated in C3 was 83.16±2.13 dB SPL and 83.18±2.64 dB SPL,respectively.The intra-session(C1 vs C2)and inter-session(C2 vs C3)test-retest reliability were 2.36 dB and 2.75 dB,respectively.Pearson correlation analysis showed that intra-session(r=0.837,P＜0.001)and inter-session(r=0.867,P＜0.001)test-retest reliability was good.There was no statistical difference between aTNL and eTNL in the other TNT tests(P＞0.05 for both)except that aTNL and eTNL were statistically different in C1(P＜0.01),and more than 90％of the subjects could obtain eTNL within 1 minute.Conclusion The test-retest reliability of Mandarin tracking of noise tolerance test is good,with advantages of high reliability and efficiency.

Objective To investigate the relationship between signal-to-noise ratio loss and electrocochleo-gram in noise exposed subjects and its assistive diagnosis value for hidden hearing loss.Methods Forty-one workers with a history of noise exposure were tested with pure tone audiometry,acoustic immittance,speech recognition un-der noise and electrocochleogram.They were divided into two groups according to their speech recognition ability under noise:Group A:SNR loss＜0(19 ears),Group B:SNR loss＞0(22 ears).The difference of electrocochleo-gram between the two groups was recorded and analyzed.Results The results of speech recognition test showed that there was significant difference in SNR loss between Group A and Group B(P＜0.05).The results of cochlear electrogram showed that the AP amplitudes of the two groups were significantly different at 96,90 and 80 dB nHL(P＜0.05).At 96,90,80,70,60 dB nHL,there were significant differences in SP amplitudes between the two groups(P＜0.001).At 96,90,80 and 70 dB nHL,there was significant difference in SP/AP amplitude ratio be-tween the two groups(P＜0.05).Conclusion There is a significant difference of SP/AP amplitude ratio between subjects with SNR loss of＜0 and＞0 at different sound intensities.

Objective To study the characteristics of spontaneous speech pauses in individuals with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease(AD).Methods A total of 20 patients with AD,exhibiting a Minimum Mental State Examination(MMSE)score ranging from 10 to 20 and a disease duration of 6 months to 5 years,were selected for the AD group.Twenty five cognitively normal and mentally healthy participants were chosen as the control group.Spontaneous speech was elicited from each participant,and 1-minute continuous audio recordings were used to tally pause counts categorized by duration into short pauses(0.25 s≤t＜0.50 s),medium pauses(0.50 s≤t＜0.90 s),long pauses(0.90 s≤t＜2.00 s),and silences(＞2.00 s).Mean values of each pause type were computed for in-ter-group and intra-group comparisons.Correlation and regression analyses between MMSE scores and pause counts were conducted within the AD group.Results Significant statistical differences were observed between the AD and control groups concerning the counts of short pauses,long pauses,and silences(P＜0.05).Within the AD group,significant differences were found in the counts of short pauses versus medium pauses and short pauses versus long pauses(P＜0.05).In the AD group,the count of medium pauses positively predicted MMSE scores(β=0.515,P＜0.05),whereas the count of silences negatively predicted MMSE scores(β=-0.626,P＜0.01).Conclusion Individuals with AD exhibit a higher frequency of longer duration pauses in spontaneous speech and a lower frequen-cy of shorter duration pauses.Higher cognitive functioning in AD patients is associated with increased occurrences of shorter pauses,whereas lower cognitive functioning is linked to more extended pauses.

Objective:The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) in patients with auditory neuropathy (AN). The factors affecting DPOAE elicitation rate of each frequency, elicitation rate of each ear and change rate of first and last diagnosis in the natural course were analyzed.Methods:The sample was obtained from the Multicenter Study on Clinical Diagnosis and Intervention of AN (registration number: ChiCTR2100050125), and the diagnostic criteria for AN were based on the Chinese Clinical Practice Guidelines of Auditory Neuropathy (version 2022). Patients with bilateral AN who underwent 2 or more DPOAE tests were screened and divided into infant groups (≤3 years old) and non-infant groups (>3 years old) according to the age of detection, and the trend of DPOAE elicitation rate of each frequency, elicitation rate of each ear and change rate in the natural course of disease were analyzed, in order to explore the relevant influencing factors.Results:A total of 165 patients (330 ears) with AN were included in the study. The overall DPOAE elicitation rate per ear was 77.0%±29.4% at the initial diagnosis and 65.1%±35.2% at the final diagnosis, with a reduction observed in the elicitation rate of 171 ears (51.82%). In the infant group, there were 49 cases (98 ears), including 28 males and 21 females, whose found age ranged from 0 to 3 years old, with a median age of 0.7 years. DPOAE elicitation rate per ear was 57.9%±35.5% in the initial diagnosis, and 32.4%±32.1% in the final diagnosis, with a reduction observed in the elicitation rate of 69 ears (70.41%). In the non-infant group, there were 116 cases (232 ears), including 59 males and 57 females, ranging in found age from 3.9 to 40 years old, with a median age of 14 years old. DPOAE elicitation rate per ear was 84.6%±23.4% in the initial diagnosis, and 78.3%±27.1% in the final diagnosis, with a reduction observed in the elicitation rate of 102 ears (43.97%). Age was found to be correlated with DPOAE changes by multicategorical unordered logistic regression analysis ( B=-0.224, OR=0.799, P<0.001). Conclusions:The elicitation rate of DPOAE in AN patients decreases or even disappears with increasing disease duration; The rate of DPOAE extraction is found to be lower in infant patients with auditory neuropathy (AN) compared to non-infant AN patients. Additionally, it is observed that the decrease in DPOAE extraction rate is more pronounced in infant AN patients as the disease progressed, as compared to non-infant AN patients. DPOAE and cochlear microphonic potentials should be fully combined for accurate diagnosis, and regular follow-up should be conducted to understand the natural course of the disease and give personalized guidance and assistance.

Objective To investigate the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells after neural injury utilizing Sox10 cell lineage tracing in the cortical tissue.Methods C57BL/6 mice and Sox10-CreERT2/red fluorescent protein(RFP)model mice were used in the current study.The Sox10-CreERT2/RFP model mice generated by crossing Sox10-CreERT2 and Ai9 were 8-week-old F1 mice(n=16),which were randomly divided into control group(n=4)and 7 days(n=4),14 days(n=4),and 30 days feed groups(n=4).Tamoxifen(TAM)was used to induce the expression of RFP.The control group received tamoxifen dissolved in sunflower seed oil by gavage(40 mg/kg once daily for three consecutive days)and the brain tissues were obtained after 4 days.The feed group mice were fed with tamoxifen-containing feed to induce RFP expression,and the brain tissues were obtained after 7,14,and 30 days,respectively.Immunofluorescent staining was performed to detect the expressions of neuronal nuclei(NeuN),microtubule-associated protein 2(MAP2),phosphorylated histone 2AX(γ-H2AX),cluster of differentiation 13(CD 13),γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA),glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP),cluster of differentiation 11b(CD11b),vesicular glutamate transporter 2(VGLUT2),and adenomatous polyposis coli(APC,CC-1)in the brains of each group mice.The number of positive cells was counted,and the proportion was calculated.Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into wild type(WT)group(n=4)and WT+TAM group(n=4).They were fed with regular feed and tamoxifen-containing feed for 30 days,respectively,and then brain tissues were obtained.Immunofluorescent double-labeling was used to detect the expressions of γ-H2AX positive neurons in the cortex of mice in both groups.Results In the control group,feed 7 days,14 days,and 30 days groups,the proportions of RFP+pericytes among all RFP+cells in the cortical tissue were(0.8±0.1)％,(2.7±0.1)％,(3.2±0.1)％,(4.0±0.1)％,respectively,and the proportion of mature oligodendrocytes(CC-1+RFP+)in the feed 7 days group was(51.2±0.7)％.The proportions of RFP-positive neurons in the cortex after 14 and 30 days of tamoxifen feed were(0.7±0.1)％and(1.5±0.1)％,respectively,while no conversion to RFP-positive neurons was observed in the gavage group and 7 days feed group.RFP cells in the cortex of the 7 days or 30 days feed group did not express GFAP or CD11b.Extensive γ-H2AX+NeuN+staining was observed in the WT group and WT+TAM group.Conclusion Long-term administration of tamoxifen can promote the differentiation of Sox10 cells into pericytes and neurons.Further investigation into the role of OPC in the neurovascular unit repair mechanism may contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis underlying AD.

Clinical laboratory instrumentation is a practical course. In order to change the limitations of the experimental site and the lack of large automatic testing instruments in the current teaching, this paper puts forward the idea of virtual simulation teaching of clinical laboratory instrument. Based on the training objective of medical laboratory application-oriented talents, the design and management of virtual simulation teaching of single instrument and comprehensive project training are formed. The teaching effect evaluation and quality control method are constructed, which significantly improves the students' autonomous learning ability and the comprehensive practical ability. It further promotes the connotation construction of medical laboratory experiment teaching with the help of Internet sharing advantages.

The stability of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pool is essential for the normal synthesis of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. The lack or excess of any dNTP may cause DNA damage and genomic instability, and increase mutation rate. Present studies have confirmed that the instability of dNTP pool is closely related to a variety of tumorigenesis. In addition, dNTP pool is involved in the development of tumor via multiple pathways, while the mechanisms of tumors caused by the instability of dNTP are complicated. This paper discusses the relationship between the stability of dNTP pool and DNA damage repair to provide a theoretical basis for early diagnosis and targeted treatment of tumors.

The genus Enterovirus (EV) of the family Picornaviridae containing more than 100 serotypes. These viruses cause a variety of diseases, among which viral encephalitis (VE), aseptic meningitis (AM) and acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) much threaten human health. Infections with these viruses will cause severe neurological complications and death. EV is a frequent cause of infection in children, especially in neonates and young infants. EV infections form a seasonal pattern and the incidence is the highest in the summer and autumn. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of EV structure, host-receptor interactions, epidemiological characteristics, related central nervous system diseases and laboratory diagnostics. Moreover, we briefly explain the mechanism of viral genome replication and assembly for most relevant pathogens and describe diseases prevention and control method. We reflect on how these recent discoveries may help the development of strategies to decrease viral spread.