BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)–English is a valid and reliable instrument for disability measurement in low back pain (LBP) patients. There is no existing ODI–Ilokano that evaluates LBP patients. This study aimed to cross-culturally adapt the ODI–English into Ilokano.

The ODI–English was cross-culturally adapted into Ilokano through a process that included forward translation, synthesis of the translations, back translation, expert committee review, and testing of the pre-final version.

Forward translation focused on capturing the essence of terms related to pain intensity, personal care, and daily activities, achieving consensus on phrases that accurately mirrored the original English meanings. Subsequent synthesis refined these translations, emphasizing idiomatic and conceptual equivalence over literal interpretations, particularly in nuanced areas like sleep disturbance and social life activities. Backward translation processes aligned Ilokano and English terms, especially for pain intensity and personal care, ensuring consistency across languages. The expert committee review addressed spelling, word choice, and sentence structure, making strategic adjustments for cultural relevance. Pilot testing with participants from Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur, Philippines highlighted comprehension challenges with specific terms, leading to adaptations like replacing 'milya' and 'yarda' with metric units and retaining culturally sensitive terms with supplementary English explanations.

This study refined the ODI–English into a culturally adapted Ilokano version, focusing on semantic, idiomatic, and cultural equivalence. Incorporating pilot testing feedback, such as modifying measurement units and addressing sensitive terms, highlighted the thorough adaptation process. The collaborative translation efforts and diverse patient input ensured a culturally resonant ODI version for Ilokano speakers. This adaptation enhances physical therapy practices by improving patient assessments and advocates for adapting patient-reported outcomes to diverse cultures, advancing patient-centered care.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Myeloproliferative disorders are characterized by symptoms that can potentially impair the quality of life of our Filipino patients. The Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Symptom Assessment Form-Total Symptom Score (MPN-SAF TSS) is used to determine symptoms at baseline and during treatment. A validated Filipino version of this questionnaire would be a helpful tool in assessing the burden of symptoms of Filipino patients with MPN. Understanding the symptom burden and symptom experience of patients with MPN is needed in developing a comprehensive wholistic management plan that addresses the physical and emotional aspects of a chronic disease such as MPN. This study aimed to translate the MPN-SAF TSS to the Filipino language.

Translation, validation, and reliability testing of the MPN-SAF TSS was done following the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) guidelines for linguistic translation and validation.

No major discrepancies were found on forward and backward translation of the MPN-SAF TSS tool. The 0-10 scoring scale (where 0 = absent/as good as it can be and 10 = worst imaginable/daily/as bad as it can be) was deemed appropriate and was retained. Content and face validity as evaluated by Filipino hematologists showed that majority of the translated questions were relevant. Some words were further improved according to their valid recommendations. Ten MPN patients voluntarily answered the updated Filipino version of the questionnaire for face validity and cognitive debriefing was done to further refine the translation according to the patient’s perspective. The back translation was identical to the original versions of MPN-SAF TSS.

Validity and reliability testing of the revised and translated MPN-SAF TSS among 30 patients with MPN demonstrated that the MPN-SAF TSS Filipino version was conceptually equivalent with the English version, with good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha=0.89); excellent reliability with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.98 and convergent validity of r=0.77. 

The Filipino version of the MPN-SAF TSS was demonstrated to be a valid and reliable tool in evaluating the symptom burden of Filipino patients with MPN.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)–English is a valid and reliable instrument for disability measurement in low back pain (LBP) patients. There is no existing ODI–Ilokano that evaluates LBP patients. This study aimed to cross-culturally adapt the ODI–English into Ilokano.

The ODI–English was cross-culturally adapted into Ilokano through a process that included forward translation, synthesis of the translations, back translation, expert committee review, and testing of the pre-final version.

Forward translation focused on capturing the essence of terms related to pain intensity, personal care, and daily activities, achieving consensus on phrases that accurately mirrored the original English meanings. Subsequent synthesis refined these translations, emphasizing idiomatic and conceptual equivalence over literal interpretations, particularly in nuanced areas like sleep disturbance and social life activities. Backward translation processes aligned Ilokano and English terms, especially for pain intensity and personal care, ensuring consistency across languages. The expert committee review addressed spelling, word choice, and sentence structure, making strategic adjustments for cultural relevance. Pilot testing with participants from Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur, Philippines highlighted comprehension challenges with specific terms, leading to adaptations like replacing 'milya' and 'yarda' with metric units and retaining culturally sensitive terms with supplementary English explanations.

This study refined the ODI–English into a culturally adapted Ilokano version, focusing on semantic, idiomatic, and cultural equivalence. Incorporating pilot testing feedback, such as modifying measurement units and addressing sensitive terms, highlighted the thorough adaptation process. The collaborative translation efforts and diverse patient input ensured a culturally resonant ODI version for Ilokano speakers. This adaptation enhances physical therapy practices by improving patient assessments and advocates for adapting patient-reported outcomes to diverse cultures, advancing patient-centered care.

The acupoint name is a core term in traditional Chinese medicine and has its own mysterious and abstruse feature. Designated by the international organizations such as World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies, World Health Organization, the phonetic translation method has been adopted for the standardization of acupuncture nomenclature. But this method neglects the cultural attributes of acupoint names. The liberal translation should be considered appropriately. English translation of acupoint name should be composed of two steps, intralingual translation (exegesis) and interlingual translation. During exegesis, the methods for discriminating phonetic loan character, selecting meanings and identifying character patterns should be sufficiently used. The interlingual translation is launched only after the fully understanding of acupoint names (based on intralingual translation).
Acupuncture Points ; Terminology as Topic ; Humans ; Translations ; Language ; Translating ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

BACKGROUND: Self-care is increasingly recognized as the foundation of person-centered healthcare and a key driver for simultaneously improving population health outcomes and reducing healthcare expenditures. While the Self-Care Inventory (SCI) has been validated in several languages, Japan lacks a standardized instrument for assessing self-care in the general adult population. Moreover, it remains unclear whether the SCI reflects culturally specific self-care behaviors and retains its psychological measurement properties in non-Western contexts. Addressing both aspects, this study aimed to evaluate the Japanese version of the SCI (JSCI) in terms of its psychometric properties and its association with concrete health behaviors. METHODS: We adapted the JSCI following COSMIN guidelines using forward/backward translation, expert review, and cognitive debriefing. Psychometric evaluation was based on two samples: a nationwide web-based survey (n = 504) and a community-based paper survey (n = 75). Structural validity was examined via CFA; internal consistency via Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega; and test-retest reliability via ICCs. Convergent and criterion validity were assessed through correlations with relevant psychological constructs. Measurement invariance and DIF across modes were tested, and associations with five external self-care behaviors were evaluated using AUC. RESULTS: The hypothesized three-factor structure of the JSCI was supported across both administration modes (CFI = 0.926-0.942; SRMR < 0.06), although some subscales had elevated RMSEA. Internal consistency was acceptable to high (α = 0.75-0.85; ω = 0.81-0.92). ICCs indicated moderate to good temporal stability. JSCI scores correlated with self-care efficacy and other related constructs, supporting convergent and criterion validity. Configural invariance was confirmed, and no significant DIF was detected across modes. JSCI scores modestly discriminated individuals engaging in concrete self-care behaviors such as physical activity, strength training, Helicobacter pylori testing, and having a regular primary or dental care provider (AUCs = 0.62-0.80). CONCLUSIONS The JSCI demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties and structural validity across diverse research settings. Its observed associations with a range of meaningful self-care behaviors support the scale's ecological and practical relevance in the Japanese context. The JSCI may serve as a reliable tool for evaluating and promoting self-care in both research and population health initiatives.
Humans ; Japan ; Self Care/statistics & numerical data* ; Psychometrics ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Middle Aged ; Reproducibility of Results ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult ; Aged ; Health Behavior ; Translations ; East Asian People

OBJECTIVES: Pelvic floor dysfunction is common among pregnant and postpartum women and significantly impacts quality of life. This study aims to translate the German Pelvic Floor Questionnaire for Pregnant and Postpartum Women into Chinese and to evaluate its reliability and validity in the Chinese population. METHODS: The questionnaire was translated using the Brislin model. A cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant and postpartum women to assess the content validity, construct validity, Cronbach's α coefficient, test-retest reliability, and split-half reliability of the Chinese version. RESULTS: A total of 72 women were included, with 6.9% being pregnant and 93.1% postpartum; the age was (32.3±3.6) years. The Chinese version of the questionnaire contains 4 dimensions and 45 items. The content validity index of individual items ranged from 0.833 to 1.000, with a scale-level content validity index of 0.977 and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) exceeding 0.90. The overall Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.891, with subscale coefficients ranging from 0.732 to 0.884 (all ICCs>0.70). The test-retest reliability of the total scale was 0.833, and for the 4 dimensions, bladder, bowel, prolapse, and sexual function, the values were 0.776, 0.579, 0.732, and 0.645, respectively. The split-half reliability was 0.74. CONCLUSIONS The Chinese version of the questionnaire demonstrated good reliability and validity, indicating its applicability in assessing pelvic floor dysfunction and associated risk factors during pregnancy and postpartum.
Humans ; Female ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Pregnancy ; Adult ; Postpartum Period ; Psychometrics ; Pelvic Floor Disorders/diagnosis* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Quality of Life ; Pelvic Floor/physiopathology* ; Reproducibility of Results ; China ; Translations ; Young Adult

Objective: To standardize the 12-item reflux symptom scale in Chinese and evaluate its reliability, validity, and effect on diagnoses. Methods: A systematic translation version of the RSS-12 scale was performed using the Brislin model. The scale with 12 items included three dimensions of symptoms in ear, nose and throat, gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract. The effect was assessed by three aspects containing symptom frequency, severity, and the quality of life. The Chinese version of RSS-12 was used to test 432 patients who attended the outpatient ENT department of Fujian Provincial Hospital between March 2021 and December 2021, and 413 patient questionnaires were classified as valid, aged 17-78(40.8±13.3) years, 203 were female and 210 were male. SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 24.0 statistical software were used to evaluate the performance of the scale. Results: The scale was highly discriminatory among items and correlated well among dimensions. The I-CVI ranged from 0.67 to 1.00, and the S-CVI was 0.81. The exploratory factor analysis showed that the cumulative variance contribution was 63.583%. The validation factor analysis showed that the model adaptation was good, and the correlation coefficient with the RSI was 0.796. Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.814, the retest reliability was 0.939, and the Spearman-Brown half reliability was 0.892, all of which showed a high level of reliability. Using 24h MII-pH as the diagnostic criterion for LPRD, the RSS-12 scale had a diagnostic compliance rate of 79.4%, with a sensitivity of 0.768 and specificity of 0.857. Conclusion: The Chinese version of the RSS-12 scale has good reliability, validity, and diagnostic ability, which can be used as a screening tool to diagnose pharyngeal reflux diseases.
China ; Female ; Gastroesophageal Reflux/diagnosis* ; Humans ; Male ; Quality of Life ; Reproducibility of Results ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Translations

Objective: The purpose of this article is to translate and adapt the Trans Woman Voice Questionnaire (TWVQ) into the simplified Chinese version (TWVQ-SC), and to evaluate its reliability and validity. Methods: Authorized by the author of the TWVQ,the TWVQ-SC was developed through translation, back translation,and cross-cultural adaptation.The TWVQ-SC contained 30 items capturing personal perception of vocal function, psychosocial impact of voice, and degree of limitation in social participation. Subjects included 279 trans women in the experimental group, 128 cis women in the control group, and 89 trans women in the retest group. The Cronbach α and the item total correlation coefficient (ITC) were calculated to examine the internal consistency. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was chosen to examine the test-retest reliability. Regarding validity, the expert judgment method was utilized to examine the content validity. Factor analysis and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used to examine the construct validity, and the discriminant validity was examined by the rank sum test of the total scores of the cisgender and transgender subjects. Results: The Cronbach's α of TWVQ-SC is 0.97 and the ITC of 30 items range from 0.40 to 0.86. The ICC is 0.84. The four principal components' cumulative contribution is 65.12%. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient to VHI-10 is 0.85 (P<0.01). The total score of the TWVQ scale in the transgender female group is significantly higher than that in the cisgender female group (U=1 580,P<0.01). Conclusion: TWVQ-SC demonstrates good reliability and validity and therefore can be used clinically as a self-assessment tool for transgender women to evaluate their own voice.
Humans ; Female ; Reproducibility of Results ; Translations ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Language ; China

With the allocation in funding for research, there has been growing interest in studying evidence-based policy formulation and decision-making to account for the funding allocation. By employing a narrative review, this paper focuses on the successes, failures, and challenges in the adoption of the MPOWER strategies in implementing the Tobacco Control Policy in Malaysia. The main objective of this paper is to narrate on the translations of research evidence in the design and implementation of the Tobacco Control Policy in Malaysia. Comparisons are made with developed and developing countries. Literature on tobacco control acts and policies were retrieved from online databases using keywords such as “smoking, tobacco, cigarette, and policy control”. Malaysia has adopted both local and global research evidence in implementing the Tobacco Control Policy and has seen steady progress in reduced prevalence of smoking through the years. Nevertheless, some challenges, including shortage of manpower for the enforcement and innovation of tobacco products, prevail, and more efforts are warranted.
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BACKGROUND: Patellar tendinopathy is an overuse injury characterized by pain on the distal part of the patella caused by specific movement patterns like jumping. To assess the severity of patellar tendinopathy, the self-administered VISA-P questionnaire was developed in the English language. The purpose of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the VISA-P questionnaire into Filipino and determine its psychometric properties. METHODS: A psychometric study design was used in this study. The VISA-P was translated from English to Filipino following the guidelines set by Beaton et al. and Sousa et al. There were six stages: (1) forward translation to Filipino, (2) synthesis, (3) backward translation, (4) expert committee review, (5) pilot testing/cognitive briefing, and (6) preliminary psychometric testing. The psychometric testing was conducted on eight patients with patellar tendinopathy and eight healthy subjects. RESULTS: The Filipino VISA-P questionnaire (VISA-P-Fil) successfully underwent translation and cross-cultural adaptation. It exhibited excellent face, content validity (Item-Content Validity index and Scale-Content Validity Index= 1.00), construct validity (p>0.05, except for Item 6), internal consistency (Cronbach α= 0.81) as well as reliability (ICC= 0.99; 95% CI: 0.994 – 0.999; SEM= 0.42; minimum detectable change at 95% confidence level= 1.79). No ceiling and floor effects were noted for the VISA-PFil. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the VISA-P-Fil questionnaire was translated and cross-culturally adapted successfully with good validity. Preliminary testing also showed its excellent reliability.
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