BACKGROUND

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common gynecologic endocrine disorder affecting between 2.2% and 26% of the population. It is typically characterized by hirsutism and signs of ovulatory dysfunction. Hirsutism is defined as the presence of excess body or facial terminal hair growth in females, following a male-like pattern. It is diagnosed using visual assessment methods, such as the modified Ferriman–Gallwey (mFG) scoring system, and biochemical tests, including measurements of total testosterone (tT) and the free androgen index (FAI).

The general objective of the study is to identify the correlation of visual scoring with the biochemical evaluation of hirsutism. Specific objectives include (1) to describe the visual and biochemical scores of hirsutism in PCOS patients and (2) to determine a cutoff score for the visual scoring of hirsutism among Filipinos.

This is a cross-sectional study done in a tertiary hospital. Ethical approval was obtained for this study. Patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and OB score were noted. Visual scoring for hirsutism using the mFG scoring system was performed. Blood extraction was done for testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin tests. FAI was then computed and correlated with the mFG scores.

A total of 52 patients were identified. A positive correlation is noted between the mFG with testosterone and FAI. A positive correlation was also noted between the BMI with testosterone and FAI. An mFG value of >4 is an acceptable cutoff for Filipinos.

The study showed as the mFG score increases, FAI and tT levels also increase. It was also noted that as BMI increases, the FAI and tT levels are also expected to increase. It can also be concluded that a lower mFG cutoff value, >4, is applicable for Filipinos.

This is a case of a 33-year-old, G3P3(3003) female patient with a clinical presentation of vaginal bleeding associated with on and off hypogastric pain. The patient was diagnosed and managed as a case of tubo-ovarian abscess and subsequently underwent total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAHBSO). Microscopic sections of both ovaries, however, showed dual population of tumor cells composed of medium-sized, mononucleated cells admixed with multinucleated giant cells with marked pleomorphism, extensive hemorrhage and necrosis. Immunohistochemistry studies using beta-hCG was diagnostic of ovarian choriocarcinoma, favoring non-gestational in origin. Classification of non-gestational choriocarcinoma (NGOC) was established using diagnostic criteria for NGOC established by Saito et al., and Mangla et al. DNA analysis, however, remains to be the gold-standard for differentiating between gestational (GOC) and non-gestational (NGOC) etiology.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex disease associated with endometrial lesions. Local data on endometrial findings associated with PCOS are limited. This study aimed to determine the local prevalence and spectrum of endometrial findings and their association with clinical factors among Filipino women with PCOS.

This is a retrospective review of women aged 18–40 years old seen at a local tertiary hospital from January 2016 to December 2020 with ultrasound findings of polycystic ovaries based on Rotterdam criteria. The clinical data and ultrasound findings/impressions were reviewed. Histopathologic results when available were retrieved. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics; abnormal endometrial findings were associated with clinical factors using binary logistic regression analysis.

A total of 177 women were included in the study, and 39 (22%) had abnormal endometrial findings by ultrasound including thickened endometrium (14.7%), polyp (5.1%), submucous myoma (1.1%), and malignancy (1.1%). Ultrasound findings that were significantly common with abnormal endometrium included thickening, nonuniform echogenicity, and the presence of vascularity. Irregular menses were more common in those with a normal endometrium, while heavy menses predominated in those with an abnormal endometrium, with statistically significant differences (CONCLUSION

Abnormal endometrial findings were relatively common among cases with polycystic ovaries, and most often, cases present with heavy menstrual bleeding. However, no predictable clinical factor can help identify PCOS patients with abnormal endometrial findings. Although malignancy was less common in the age group included in this study, the presence of abnormal sonographic findings would warrant further evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of acupuncture on improving ovarian hypofunction in aged rats from two perspectives: the overall regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis and the local ovarian follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway. METHODS: Six 3-month-old female SPF-grade Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were selected as the blank group. Another twelve 9-month-old female SD rats were randomly divided into a model group and an acupuncture group, with six rats in each. The acupuncture group received acupuncture at "Baihui" (GV20), "Guanyuan" (CV4), and bilateral "Ciliao" (BL32) for 20 min per session, once every other day, for a total of 10 sessions. Vaginal smear tests were performed daily to observe the estrous cycle of the rats. Ovarian morphology was observed using HE staining, and follicles at various stages were counted. ELISA was used to detect levels of serum FSH, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E₂), anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), pituitary FSH and LH, and ovarian cAMP. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to detect the protein expression of ovarian cAMP protein kinase catalytic subunit, FSH receptor (FSHR), and P450. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to measure mRNA expression levels of FSHR and P450 in ovarian tissue. RESULTS: Compared with the blank group, the model group showed an increased rate of estrous cycle disorder (P<0.01), reduced granulosa cell layers with blurred boundaries and disordered arrangement, decreased numbers of developing follicles at all stages, and increased numbers of atretic follicles (P<0.01); the serum levels of FSH and LH were increased (P<0.01), while E₂ and AMH levels were decreased (P<0.01); the hypothalamic GnRH and pituitary FSH and LH levels were elevated (P<0.01), and ovarian cAMP level was decreased (P<0.01); the positive expression and protein expression of ovarian P450, cAMP protein kinase catalytic subunit, and FSHR were reduced (P<0.01), and ovarian FSHR and P450 mRNA expression was decreased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the acupuncture group showed a reduced rate of estrous cycle disorder (P<0.01), clear granulosa cell margins, increased numbers of primordial and secondary follicles, and decreased numbers of atretic follicles (P<0.01); the serum FSH and LH levels were decreased (P<0.01, P<0.05), while E₂ and AMH levels were increased (P<0.05, P<0.01); the hypothalamic GnRH and pituitary FSH and LH levels were decreased (P<0.01, P<0.05), and ovarian cAMP level was increased (P<0.01); the positive expression and protein expression of ovarian P450, cAMP protein kinase catalytic subunit, and FSHR were elevated (P<0.01), and ovarian FSHR and P450 mRNA expression was increased (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Acupuncture could delay ovarian hypofunction in aged rats, possibly through regulating the HPO axis and the FSH/cAMP signaling pathway.
Animals ; Female ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone/genetics* ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Ovary/metabolism* ; Signal Transduction ; Humans ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism* ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/metabolism* ; Aging/metabolism* ; Hypothalamus/metabolism* ; Pituitary Gland/metabolism* ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism*

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of "Zhibian" (BL54)-to-"Shuidao" (ST28) needling technique on the reproductive function of the mice with poor ovarian response (POR) and explore the molecular mechanism of acupuncture on early embryos after in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) in POR mice. METHODS: Of 70 female C57BL/6 mice, 60 mice with regular estrous cycle were screened and 30 of them were randomly divided into a blank group, a model group, and an acupuncture group, 10 mice in each one. Mice in the model and acupuncture groups were administered with tripterygium glycosides suspension (50 mg·kg^-1·d^-1) via gavage for 2 weeks to prepare POR models; while in the blank group, the mice received an equal volume of 0.9% sodium chloride solution via gavage. After successful modeling, mice in the acupuncture group underwent "Zhibian" (BL54)-to-"Shuidao" (ST28) needling technique, once daily, for 20 min each time and lasting 2 consecutive weeks. After intervention completion, subsequently, all the three groups underwent ovulation induction, orbital blood collection, and ovary extraction and fresh denuded oocyte collection. Denuded oocytes, after incubated, together with the sperms from 15 male C57BL/6 mice, were transferred into the oviducts of 30 donor pseudopregnant C57BL/6 female mice via IVF-ET; and the embryonic tissue was collected on day 7 of implantation. After successful modeling and intervention completion, the general conditions of mice in each group were observed, and the estrous cycle disorder rate was compared among the groups. After intervention completion, the numbers of oocyte, ovarian wet weight and ovarian index were recorded in each group; the levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol (E2) in the serum were measured using ELISA; and ovarian morphology and mitochondrial ultrastructure were examined using HE staining and transmission electron microscopy. The transcriptome sequencing technology was employed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in early embryos of each group, followed by bioinformatics analysis; and the reversed DEGs with significant difference were verified using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). RESULTS: After intervention, compared with the blank group, the mice in the model group presented poor spirits and declined water and food intake, reduced activity, the higher rate of estrous cycle disorder (P< 0.01); the decrease of the numbers of oocyte, ovarian wet weight, and ovarian index (P<0.01), reduced AMH and E2 in the serum (P<0.01), elevated FSH and LH in the serum (P<0.01); more atresia follicles in ovarian tissue, disorganized granulosa cells, reduced the numbers of mitochondria, vacuoles appeared and cristae breakage. When compared with the model group, in the acupuncture group, the spirits of mice, food intake and activity were improved, the rate of estrous cycle disorder was reduced (P<0.01); the numbers of oocyte, ovarian wet weight, and ovarian index were higher (P<0.01, P<0.05), the levels of AMH and E2 in the serum increased (P<0.01), the levels of FSH and LH in the serum decreased (P<0.01); the atresia follicles were reduced, the numbers of follicle increased at all levels, the numbers of mitochondria got higher, vacuoles and cristae breakage were declined. In comparison between the blank group and the model group, and between the model group and the acupuncture group, a total of 258 intersecting DEGs were identified, and 194 DEGs of them exhibited a trend of reversion before and after intervention. The top 5 reversed DEGs with significant difference included dexamethasone-induced Ras-related protein 1 (Rasd1), gene regulated by estrogen in breast cancer 1 (Greb1), leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 6 (Lgr6), Fraser syndrome 1 (Fras1), and apolipoprotein D (Apod). Compared with the blank group, the mRNA expression of Rasd1, Greb1, Lgr6, Fras1 and Apod in embryonic tissues decreased in the model group (P<0.01, P<0.05); and when compared with the model group, the mRNA expression of Rasd1, Greb1, Lgr6, Fras1 and Apod in embryonic tissues increased in the acupuncture group (P<0.05, P<0.01). These findings were consistent with the DEGs screening results. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the reversed genes of co-expression were primarily participated in the biological processes such as myoblast differentiation, endocardial cushion development, and cardiac morphogenesis. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated that the reversed genes of co-expression are enriched in the Wnt signaling pathway, and they were associated with various types of cardiac diseases. CONCLUSION The "Zhibian" (BL54)-to-"Shuidao" (ST28) needling technique may ameliorate the decline of ovarian response in mice with POR, promote normal follicle development and ovulation, thereby improve embryo quality and reduce the risk of developmental defects and deformity in the organs such as the embryonic heart. The underlying mechanism may be related to the regulation of the expression pattern of embryonic key genes through the Wnt signaling pathway.
Animals ; Female ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Ovary/physiopathology* ; Humans ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Transcriptome ; Embryo Transfer ; Infertility, Female/physiopathology*

OBJECTIVE: To explore the possible mechanism by which the "Zhibian" (BL54) toward "Shuidao" (ST28) acupuncture improves ovarian function in mice with poor ovarian response (POR) by observing its effect on gut microbiota. METHODS: A total of 35 SPF-grade C57BL/6 female mice were screened for normal estrous cycles using vaginal smears, and 30 mice were selected. Ten mice were assigned to the blank group, while the remaining mice were used to establish the POR model by intragastric administration of tripterygium wilfordii suspension. The successfully modeled mice were randomly divided into a model group and an acupuncture group, with 10 mice in each group. After modeling, the acupuncture group received the "Zhibian" (BL54) toward "Shuidao" (ST28) acupuncture method once daily for 20 minutes per session. Ovulation induction began the day after the intervention, and samples were collected after ovulation induction. Vaginal cytology was used to observe estrous cycle changes, and the number of oocytes obtained, ovarian wet weight, and ovarian index were recorded. Serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) were detected using ELISA. HE staining was used to observe ovarian histology. Gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology. Western blot was used to detect the relative protein expression levels of Occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in colonic tissue. Correlation analysis was conducted among serum hormone indexes, the number of oocytes obtained, ovarian index and gut microbiota. RESULTS: Compared with the blank group, the model group showed a higher estrous cycle disorder rate (P<0.01), increased serum FSH and LH levels, and a higher LH/FSH ratio (P<0.01), while the number of oocytes obtained, ovarian wet weight, ovarian index, and serum E2 and AMH levels were significantly reduced (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the acupuncture group showed a lower estrous cycle disorder rate (P<0.01), decreased serum FSH and LH levels, and a lower LH/FSH ratio (P<0.01), along with an increased number of oocytes obtained, higher ovarian wet weight, ovarian index, and elevated serum AMH and E2 levels (P<0.01, P<0.05). The blank group had a large number of well-developed primordial follicles, with abundant and closely arranged follicles at various stages. In the model group, there was a significant increase in the number of atretic follicles, a reduction in the number of follicles at various stages, and loosely arranged ovarian tissue. Compared with the blank group, the model group showed a significant decrease in the number of normal follicles (P<0.01) and an increase in the number of atretic follicles (P<0.01). The acupuncture group showed a reduction in atretic follicles and an increase in the number of follicles at various stages compared with the model group, with a significant increase in normal follicles (P<0.01) and a decrease in atretic follicles (P<0.01). Compared with the blank group, the model group exhibited reduced gut microbiota diversity and richness, with significantly lower Chao1 and Shannon indices (P<0.01), and a greater clustering distance from the blank group. The model group also showed an increase in the relative abundance of Firmicutes_D, Verrucomicrobiota, Paramuribaculum, Dubosiella, and Muribaculum (P<0.01, P<0.05), while the relative abundance of Firmicutes_A and the relative protein expression of Occludin and ZO-1 in colonic tissue were decreased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the acupuncture group showed improved gut microbiota diversity and richness, with increased Chao1 and Shannon indices (P<0.05), and a clustering distance closer to the blank group. The acupuncture group exhibited reduced relative abundance of Firmicutes_D, Verrucomicrobiota, and Muribaculum (P<0.05, P<0.01), while the relative abundance of Firmicutes_A and the relative protein expression of Occludin and ZO-1 were significantly increased (P<0.01, P<0.05). Correlation analysis indicated a relationship between gut microbiota and serum hormone indicators, as well as the ovarian index. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that the metabolic pathways of the intersecting species were related to amino acid biosynthesis and nucleotide metabolism. CONCLUSION The "Zhibian" (BL54) toward "Shuidao" (ST28) acupuncture method improves ovarian function in POR mice, and its mechanism may be related to regulating gut microbiota structure and maintaining intestinal barrier homeostasis.
Animals ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Mice ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Humans ; Ovary/physiopathology* ; Acupuncture Points ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone/metabolism* ; Luteinizing Hormone/metabolism* ; Estrous Cycle ; Anti-Mullerian Hormone/blood*

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical therapeutic effect of Rendu Tongtiao acupuncture (acupuncture for regulating and improving the circulation of the conception and governor vessels) on hyperandrogenism (HA) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with kidney-yin deficiency induced fire hyperactivity. METHODS: A total of 80 PCOS-HA patients were selected and randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 40 cases in each group. In the control group, ethinylestradiol and cyproterone acetate tablets were administered orally,2 mg each time, once daily and for 21 consecutive days as one menstrual cycle. In the observation group, Rendu Tongtiao acupuncture was delivered at Qihai (CV6), Zhongwan (CV12), Guanyuan (CV4), Zhongji (CV3), Mingmen (GV4), Yaoyangguan (GV3), etc. once daily till ovulation, which was taken as the treatment session of one menstrual cycle. The treatment was completed after 3 menstrual cycles in each group. Before and after treatment, the serum levels of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and the scores of acne and hirsutism were compared in the two groups; besides, menstrual recovery rate, ovulation recovery rate, basic body temperature (BBT) biphasic rate and clinical effect were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Compared with those before treatment, the levels of T, DHT, LH and PRL, as well as the scores of acne and hirsutism were reduced in the two groups after treatment (P<0.05), and the levels of FSH and SHBG were increased (P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of T, DHT, LH and PRL, as well as the scores of acne and hirsutism in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05); and FSH and SHBG were higher (P<0.05). After treatment, the menstrual recovery rate and ovulation recovery rate, as well as BBT biphasic rate in the observation group increased in comparison with the control group (P<0.05). The total effective rate was 97.5% (39/40) in the observation group, which was higher than 82.4% (33/40) of the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Rendu Tongtiao acupuncture can effectively regulate the secretion of hormones, alleviate the clinical symptoms of HA, and accelerate the recovery of menstruation and natural ovulation in patients with PCOS-HA of kidney-yin deficiency induced fire hyperactivity .
Humans ; Female ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/complications* ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Young Adult ; Hyperandrogenism/blood* ; Yin Deficiency/therapy* ; Kidney/physiopathology* ; Acupuncture Points ; Testosterone/blood* ; Luteinizing Hormone/blood* ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone/blood* ; Adolescent

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the acupoint selection patterns and core prescriptions of acupuncture for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) using data mining, and to explore the molecular mechanisms of core acupoints through network acupuncture medicine. METHODS: The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on acupuncture for PCOS published from January 1, 2004 to July 21, 2024 were retrieved from CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. R software (version 4.4.0) was used for acupoint frequency and association rule analysis to identify core acupoint prescriptions. Potential targets were predicted via the STITCH and Swiss Target Prediction databases, and a "core prescription-active compounds-targets- PCOS" network was constructed. Cytoscape 3.7.1 was applied to build protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of potential targets of core acupoint prescriptions. Key therapeutic targets were subjected to gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses using the DAVID and Microbioinformatics platforms. RESULTS: A total of 176 RCTs were included, covering 208 prescriptions and 89 acupoints. The five most frequently used acupoints were Guanyuan (CV4), Sanyinjiao (SP6), Zigong (EX-CA1), Zusanli (ST36) and Zhongji (CV3). Association rule analysis yielded 13 core acupoint combinations, with Guanyuan (CV4), Sanyinjiao (SP6), Zigong (EX-CA1) and Zusanli (ST36) as the core prescription. Twenty-seven active compounds were involved, with 852 potential therapeutic targets, among which 208 targets overlapped with PCOS-related targets. Network acupuncture medicine analysis suggested that the core prescription may act through targets such as estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (SRC), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), and RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1). GO and KEGG analyses indicated that the main pathways included the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-AKT) signaling pathway, and advanced glycation end products-receptor for advanced glycation end products (AGE-RAGE) signaling pathway, involving processes such as signal transduction, receptor complex formation, and cytokine activity. CONCLUSION The core acupoint prescription for PCOS might exert therapeutic effects through multiple targets and pathways, providing a theoretical basis for mechanistic research on acupoint prescriptions.
Humans ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Data Mining ; Acupuncture Points ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/metabolism* ; Female ; Protein Interaction Maps ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

BACKGROUND: The sirtuin family is well recognized for its crucial involvement in various cellular processes. Nevertheless, studies on its role in the human endometrium are limited. This study aimed to explore the expression and localization of the sirtuin family in the human endometrium, focusing on sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) and its potential role in the oxidative imbalance of the endometrium in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: Endometrial specimens were collected from both patients with PCOS and controls undergoing hysteroscopy at the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, from July to August 2015 and used for cell culture. The protective effects of SIRT3 were investigated, and the mechanism of SIRT3 in improving endometrial receptivity of patients with PCOS was determined using various techniques, including cellular bioenergetic analysis, small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) silencing, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS: The sirtuin family was widely expressed in the human endometrium, with SIRT3 showing a significant increase in expression in patients with PCOS compared with controls ( P <0.05), as confirmed by protein and gene assays. Concurrently, endometrial antioxidant levels were elevated, while mitochondrial respiratory capacity was reduced, in patients with PCOS ( P <0.05). An endometrial oxidative stress (OS) model revealed that the downregulation of SIRT3 impaired the growth and proliferation status of endometrial cells and reduced their receptivity to day 4 mouse embryos. The results suggested that SIRT3 might be crucial in maintaining normal cellular state by regulating antioxidants, cell proliferation, and apoptosis, thereby contributing to enhanced endometrial receptivity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings proposed a significant role of SIRT3 in improving endometrial receptivity in patients with PCOS by alleviating OS and regulating the balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis. Therefore, SIRT3 could be a promising target for predicting and improving endometrial receptivity in this patient population.
Humans ; Female ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/metabolism* ; Endometrium/metabolism* ; Sirtuin 3/genetics* ; Oxidative Stress/genetics* ; Adult ; Animals ; Mice ; Apoptosis/physiology* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cell Proliferation/physiology*

Mitochondria serve as multifunctional powerhouses within cells, coordinating essential biological activities that are critical for cell viability, including material metabolism, signal transduction, and the maintenance of homeostasis. They support cells in adapting to complex and fluctuating environments. Oocytes, being the largest cells in multicellular organisms, contain a high number of mitochondria with unique structural characteristics. Mitochondria play active roles in the development and maturation of oocytes. A decline in mitochondrial function negatively affects both the quality and quantity of oocytes, thereby contributing to ovarian aging. However, the specific mechanisms through which mitochondrial dysfunction influences the progression of ovarian aging and impacts reproductive longevity remain unclear. Furthermore, medical strategies aimed at rejuvenating mitochondria to restore ovarian reserve and improve female reproductive potential may open new avenues for clinical treatment. In this review, we summarize the current understanding and key evidence regarding the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in ovarian aging and present emerging medical approaches targeting mitochondria to alleviate premature ovarian aging and enhance reproductive performance.
Humans ; Female ; Mitochondria/physiology* ; Ovary/physiology* ; Aging/physiology* ; Animals ; Oocytes/metabolism*