Ospemifene—a third-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2013—is an oral medication for the treatment of dyspareunia. In postmenopausal women with vulvovaginal atrophy, ospemifene significantly improves the structure and pH levels of the vagina, reducing dyspareunia. It is available as a 60-mg tablet; hence, women who may have had prior difficulty with vaginal administration or on-demand use of nonprescription lubricants and moisturizers would likely prefer this form of treatment. Preclinical studies demonstrated that ospemifene has an estrogen agonist action on the bone, reducing the cell proliferation of ductal carcinoma in an in situ model. Studies evaluating the safety of treatment for up to 52 weeks have shown that ospemifene is a safe medication with minimal impact on the endometrium. Further studies with larger number of subjects are necessary to better conclude its effects and long-term safety.
Administration, Intravaginal ; Atrophy* ; Carcinoma, Ductal ; Cell Proliferation ; Dyspareunia ; Endometrium ; Estrogens ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Lubricants ; Menopause ; Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators ; Tamoxifen ; United States Food and Drug Administration ; Vagina ; Vulva

PURPOSE: A stylet aids intubation as a glottis by changing and maintaining the bending inside the endotracheal tube and is used as an auxiliary device in intubation. The aim of this experimental study is to evaluate resistance differences among endotracheal tube sizes and the usefulness of lubricant for stylet removal. METHODS: Depending on endotracheal tube size and lubricant use status, the subjects were divided into the control (n=10, each 7 tube sizes), lidocaine gel (n=70), and saline groups (n=70). Using a tensile strength meter, the work and the peak withdrawal force consumed for retracting a stylet were measured. RESULTS: When the work dependent on the endotracheal tube size and stylet coating was compared, significantly less work was consumed for 6.0-, 6.5-, 7.0-, 8.0-, 8.5 mm stylet group coated with lidocaine gel (p=0.029, p=0.002, p=0.001, p=0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001) or 6.0-, 6.5-, 8.0-, 8.5 mm stylets coated with saline compared to the control group (p=0.002, p<0.001, p<0.001, and p<0.001). In comparison of the peak withdrawal force dependent on the endotracheal tube size and stylet coating, significantly less peak withdrawal force was consumed for the 6.0- or 8.0- mm stylet group coated with lidocaine gel (p=0.004, p<0.001) or 6.0-, 6.5-, 7.5-, or 8.0 mm stylets coated with saline compared to the control group (p=0.025, p=0.001, p=0.008, and p=0.001). CONCLUSION: We found that the effectiveness of lubricant resulted in various sized tubes. Less work was consumed for five tube sizes (6.0-, 6.5-, 7.0-, 8.0-, 8.5 mm) in lidocaine gel groups and four tube sizes (6.0-, 6.5-, 8.0-, 8.5 mm) in saline groups. Less peak withdrawal force was consumed for two tube sizes (6.0-, 8.0 mm) in lidocaine gel groups and four tube sizes (6.0-, 6.5-, 7.5-, 8.0 mm) in saline groups.
Device Removal ; Friction ; Glottis ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Lidocaine ; Lubricants ; Tensile Strength

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to estimate the effects of Inclear, a feminine cleanser, on sperm motility. METHODS: Semen samples were obtained from infertile male patients. Following liquefaction, the raw semen samples were diluted with Ham's F-10 nutrient mixture medium containing 0.4% human serum albumin solution at a ratio of 1:3. The semen samples were subsequently centrifuged to separate the seminal plasma from the serum. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellet was resuspended. The sample was again centrifuged to remove cell debris, and the supernatant was removed. The final pellet was gently loosened by resuspension and incubated in medium alone as a control, and in a 10% solution of the medium plus Inclear. A sampling time of 30 minutes was selected on the basis of sperm transport studies. Sperm motility was evaluated with computer-assisted sperm analysis. RESULTS: A total of 20 samples were analyzed. The mean age of patients was 34.40+/-2.96 years. There was no difference in sperm concentration and motility in the two samples at 0 minute and 30 minutes of incubation. In both semen samples, the sperm concentration and motility decreased after an incubation period of 30 minutes. However, there was no statistical difference between the samples. Sperm concentration and motility were not significantly different between the control and Inclear samples after 0 minute and 30 minutes of incubation. CONCLUSION: Inclear has no negative effects on sperm motility. This product can be recommended to pregnancy planners for vaginal hygiene and as a vaginal lubricant.
Feminine Hygiene Products ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Lubricants ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Prospective Studies* ; Semen ; Serum Albumin ; Sperm Motility* ; Sperm Transport ; Spermatozoa

OBJECTIVES: Tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are high production volume chemicals, mainly used as foodstuff additives, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, synthetic resin, and disinfectants. Phosphate has the potential to cause increased algal growth leading to eutrophication in the aquatic environment. However, there is no adequate information available on risk assessment or acute and chronic toxicity. The aim of this research is to evaluate the toxic potential of phosphate compounds in the aquatic environment. METHODS: An aquatic toxicity test of phosphate was conducted, and its physico-chemical properties were obtained from a database recommended in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidance manual. An ecotoxicity test using fish, Daphnia, and algae was conducted by the good laboratory practice facility according to the OECD TG guidelines for testing of chemicals, to secure reliable data. RESULTS: The results of the ecotoxicity tests of tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are as follows: In an acute toxicity test with Oryzias latipes, 96 hr 50% lethal concentration (LC50) was >100 (measured:>2.14) mg/L and >100 (measured: >13.5) mg/L, respectively. In the Daphnia test, 48 hr 50% effective concentration (EC50) was >100 (measured: >5.35) mg/L and >100 (measured: >2.9) mg/L, respectively. In a growth inhibition test with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, 72 hr EC50 was >100 (measured: >1.56) mg/L and >100 (measured: >4.4) mg/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of the ecotoxicity test of phosphate using fish, Daphnia, and algae, L(E)C50 was above 100 mg/L (nominal), indicating no toxicity. In general, the total phosphorus concentration including phosphate in rivers and lakes reaches levels of several ppm, suggesting that phosphate has no toxic effects. However, excessive inflow of phosphate into aquatic ecosystems has the potential to cause eutrophication due to algal growth.
Calcium ; Daphnia ; Disinfectants ; Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; Lakes ; Lubricants ; Oryzias ; Phosphorus ; Resins, Synthetic ; Risk Assessment ; Rivers ; Toxicity Tests ; Toxicity Tests, Acute

This study is to report the evaluation of the micromeritic properties of LubriTose AN, which is expected to provide preliminary theoretical basis for the direct compression technology. From the aspects of flowability, compressibility and dilution potential, the angle of repose, flow velocity, the Carr' index, tensile strength, elastic recovery, yield pressure and the lubricating ability of LubriTose AN were determined. Also, model drugs were selected to investigate the dilute potential under the desirable compressing performance. Compared to the physical mixtures, the flowability of LubriTose AN was better, and the deformation mechanism was the same with anhydrous lactose, both brittle deformation. The compressibility and compaction of LubriTose AN was slightly better than that of physical mixtures under low and moderate pressure. The dilution potential of LubriTose AN were high for most of hydrophobic drugs. The lubricate ability was desirable under different rotational speeds. LubriTose AN is an excellent co-processed excipient, which is helpful for the promotion and improvement of the tablet manufacturing level.
Drug Compounding ; Elasticity ; Excipients ; chemistry ; Glycerides ; chemistry ; Ibuprofen ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Lactose ; chemistry ; Lubricants ; chemistry ; Lubrication ; Particle Size ; Pressure ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Tensile Strength

OBJECTIVETo prepare an effective and water-soluble lubricant.

METHODCo-sprayed lubricant (L-leucine and polyethylene glycol 6000 co-sprayed according to a certain proportion) and mixed lubricant (the physical mixture of spayed L-leucine and crushed polyethylene glycol 6000) were prepared and polyethylene glycol 6000, L-leucine, magnesium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate and sodium chloride are crushed and sieved, respectively. Residual force, appearance of solution and disintegration time were considered as response variables of the lubrication effect to evaluate different lubricants. The changes of the co-sprayed lubricant were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, fourier infrared, electronic scanning microscope and X-ray diffraction.

RESULTThe efficacy of co-sprayed lubricant is better than other lubricants. Efficacy is improved by external form change without inner components and crystal changes.

CONCLUSIONCo-sprayed lubricant is a good water soluble tablet lubricant which has good efficacy.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Leucine ; chemistry ; Lubricants ; chemistry ; Polyethylene Glycols ; chemistry ; Solubility ; Tablets ; Water ; X-Ray Diffraction

We report a case of traumatic optic neuropathy accompanying a grease gun injury to the orbit. A 48-year-old man with a grease gun injury visited our clinic with decreased visual acuity, proptosis and limited extraocular movement (EOM). Orbital CT revealed a crescent mass of fat in the medial intraconal space. The grease was exuded from a lacerated conjunctival wound. The visual evoked potential (VEP) test demonstrated a decreased response in the left eye. Proptosis and EOM were improved after surgical removal of the grease. Systemic high-dose corticosteroid therapy was administered for suspected traumatic optic neuropathy, after which VEP nearly recovered, while visual acuity was slightly improved. A second surgery for traumatic cataract did not further improve visual acuity.
*Accidents, Occupational ; Evoked Potentials, Visual ; Eye Injuries, Penetrating/diagnosis/*surgery ; Humans ; *Lubricants ; Male ; Optic Nerve Injuries/diagnosis/*surgery ; Orbit/*injuries ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: Urethral catheterization is a commonly done, painful procedure, but few studies have evaluated the use of topical anesthesia prior to catheterization. This study was designed to assess the effect of topical anesthetics (2% lidocaine gel) prior to uretheral catheterization. METHODS: This study was a prospective, randomized, case-controlled trial conducted in an emergency department of a university teaching hospital. The 54 subjects were alert, cooperative male adults. Patients in the experimental group were catheterized after injection of topical lidocaine gel in their urethras, and a wait of 3 minutes. Patients in the control group were catheterized with a urethral catheter that was coated by plain lubricant. After each procedure, the patients indicated their subjective assessment of pain on a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS). We assessed VAS at 4 times: during the procedure, at the end of the procedure, and at 3 and 6 hours after the procedure. SPSS 17.0 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The 54 patients were evenly distributed between the 2 study groups. Mean age was 50 years (range 28-71) in the control group, and 54 years (range 27-70) in the experimental group. The mean reduction in VAS values in the experimental group was 27 mm during the procedure, and 23 mm at 6 hours after the procedure. CONCLUSION: Use of a topical lidocaine gel during urethral catheterization results in significant reduction in pain compared to topical lubricants. This benefit is provided both during the procedure as well as up to 6 hours after the procedure.
Adult ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Local ; Anesthetics ; Case-Control Studies ; Catheterization ; Catheters ; Emergencies ; Hospitals, Teaching ; Humans ; Lidocaine ; Lubricants ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Urethra ; Urinary Catheterization ; Urinary Catheters

Hydrocarbons are a broad group of organic bodies consisting of hydrogen and carbon. They are commonly found in the environment in the form of gasoline (e.g., butane and propane) and are also used in stain removers, adhesives, lubricants, and a variety of paints. Ingestion of the compound accounts for approximately 3% of all poisoning cases in the United States, but such reports of poisoning are rare in Korea. Hydrocarbon poisoning has many adverse effects. In addition to potentially causing major damage to the respiratory and central nervous systems, direct exposure to hydrocarbons can also cause cardiac arrhythmia, hepatic dysfunction, renal failure, neuropathy, and other injuries. We present the case of a 20-year-old soldier who accidentally ingested a small amount of gasoline. He developed chemical pneumonitis, but recovered with no serious complications.
Adhesives ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Butanes ; Carbon ; Central Nervous System ; Eating ; Gasoline ; Humans ; Hydrocarbons ; Hydrogen ; Korea ; Lubricants ; Military Personnel ; Paint ; Pneumonia ; Renal Insufficiency ; United States ; Young Adult

Chlorhexidine is a widely used antiseptic and disinfectant that has eliminating effects on gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, some mycobacteria, candida albicans, and some viruses. There have been a few reports regarding severe adverse reactions associated with chlorhexidine. But, there was no report about the anaphylactic shock due to chlorhexidine during anesthesia in Korea. We report a severe anaphylaxis reaction after the use of chlorhexidine jelly for the urethral catheterization, presenting the positive skin test for chlorhexidine. This case shows that the 'innocent' products such as urethral lubricants may elicit serious life-threatening reactions.
Anaphylaxis* ; Anesthesia* ; Candida albicans ; Chlorhexidine* ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; Korea ; Lubricants ; Skin Tests ; Urinary Catheterization* ; Urinary Catheters*