OBJECTIVE: To explore the immunophenotypic characteristics of bone marrow granulocytes (G) and their clinical significance in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). METHODS: The granulocyte immunophenotypes of bone marrow in 70 MM patients (MM group) and 40 anemia patients (control group) were detected by flow cytometry, and its correlation with clinical characteristics was further analyzed. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis were used to screen factors that affected prognosis. RESULTS: The CD56⁺G%, CD13⁺G%, CD22⁺G% and CD117⁺G% in MM group were higher than those in the control group (all P <0.05). CD56⁺G% and CD117⁺G% in CR⁺VGPR group were significantly lower than those in PR+MR+PD group (both P <0.05). The CD10⁺G% in RISS Ⅲ stage and Ca²⁺ ≥2.65 mmol/L groups were increased (both P <0.05). The CD56⁺G% in elevated lactate dehydrogenase, β₂-microglobulin≥5.5 mg/L and hemoglobin <85 g/L groups were increased (all P <0.05), while the CD117⁺G% in high-risk cytogenetic positive group was decreased (P <0.05). The expression rate of CD molecules on granulocytes was divided into low (L) and high (H) groups according to the median value. The overall survival (OS) of the LCD56⁺G%, LCD13⁺G% and LCD22⁺G% groups was significantly prolonged (all P <0.05). CD13⁺G% and CD22⁺G% were independent risk factors for OS in MM patients (HR=0.443, 0.410, both P <0.05). CONCLUSION The CD56⁺G%, CD10⁺G% and CD117⁺G% are closely correlated with clinical features in MM patients, while CD13⁺G% and CD22⁺G% are closely correlated with prognosis. Detection of CD molecules expression on granulocytes may be used to evaluate prognosis and guide treatment.
Humans ; Multiple Myeloma/immunology* ; Granulocytes/immunology* ; Prognosis ; Immunophenotyping ; Male ; Bone Marrow ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Clinical Relevance

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/therapeutic use* ; Immunoglobulins ; Granulocytes ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the immunological phenotype of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and explore its characteristics and significance. METHODS: The immunophenotypes of 40 CML children and 40 controls were analyzed by multicolor flow cytometry. CD45/SSC, as the basic gate, was used to delineate neutrophils. Then, the distribution of cluster differentiation (CD) molecules on the surface of granulocytes was analyzed in three ranges (≥1%, ≥5%, and ≥20%), and the expression rates of CD molecules (≥1% included in the statistical analysis) and the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The proportion of granulocytes in the CML group was (82.1±6.4)%, which was significantly higher than (57.8±11.8)% in the control group (P <0.001). The expression rates of CD15/CD11b/CD33/CD13 in CML and control groups were high, and both distributed in the range of ≥20%. The differentiation trajectory of CD33/CD13 was normal and there were no significant differences in the expression rate and MFI between the two groups. However, both the expression rate of CD11b and CD15 MFI in the CML group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P <0.001). There were no significant differences in the expression rate and MFI of CD10 between the two groups, and the expression levels of CD10 between the two groups were consistent in different distributions. In the CML group, there was a large number of cases with abnormal high expression of CD56, 52.5% of the cases had a CD56 expression rate of ≥5%, and 42.5% had a CD56 expression rate of ≥20%, while the control group did not express CD56 (<1%). The expression distribution of CD117 was different between the two groups. In the range of expression rate ≥5%, there were 35.0% cases in the CML group, while only 2.5% in the control group. The expression rate of CD117 in the CML group was higher than that in the control group (P <0.001), though there was no significant difference in MFI. CONCLUSION The immunophenotyping of CML is characterized by increased proportion of mature neutrophils, decreased CD15 MFI, decreased proportion of CD11b and abnormal high expression of CD56 and CD117. Flow cytometric analysis of immunophenotype can effectively distinguish normal granulocytes from chronic granulocytes, and help in the diagnosis of CML.
Child ; Humans ; Flow Cytometry ; Leukemia, Myeloid ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics* ; Granulocytes ; Neutrophils ; Immunophenotyping

OBJECTIVE: To understand the biological characteristics of polycythemia vera (PV) patients with myeloid fibroplasia, and further analyze the risk factors affecting myeloid fibroplasia in PV patients, so as to provide ideas for predicting the occurrence of myeloid fibroplasia in PV patients. METHODS: Forty patients with PV in the Department of Hematology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences were collected and divided into two groups, with (hyperplasia group) and without (Non-proliferative group) hyperplasia of bone marrow fibers. The differences of basic clinical characteristics, blood routine, biochemistry, bone marrow cells, coagulation function and other indicators between the two groups were compared, and the independent risk factors affecting the proliferation of bone marrow fibrous tissue in PV patients were further analyzed by multivariate regression. RESULTS: Compared with Non-proliferative group, the JAK2 mutation rate (95% vs 70%，P=0.037), eosinophilic cell count (0.19 vs 0.11, P=0.047) and eosinophilic percentage (1.84 vs 1.27, P=0.001) in PV patients with hyperplasia were significantly increased, triglycerides (1.55 vs 1.91, P=0.038) and low-density lipoprotein (1.50 vs 3.08, P=0.000) were significantly reduced, bone marrow hematopoietic volume (0.85 vs 0.6, P=0.001), granulocyte/erythrocyte ratio (3.40 vs 1.89, P=0.033), lymphocyte/erythrocyte ratio (0.60 vs 0.42, P=0.033), and granulocyte+lymphocyte/erythrocyte ratio (3.72 vs 2.37, P=0.026) were significantly increased, thrombin time (18.84 vs 18.12, P=0.043) was significantly prolonged. Multivariate regression analysis results showed that peripheral blood eosinophil ≥2% and low-density lipoprotein ≤2 mmol/L were independent risk factors for bone marrow fibrous tissue hyperplasia in PV patients (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Increased proportion of peripheral blood eosinophils and decreased low density lipoprotein are risk factors for bone marrow fibrous tissue hyperplasia in PV patients.
Humans ; Bone Marrow/pathology* ; Polycythemia Vera ; Hyperplasia/pathology* ; Granulocytes/pathology* ; Janus Kinase 2/genetics* ; Risk Factors ; Lipoproteins, LDL ; Polycythemia/pathology*

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PADI4) during the process of differentiation into granulocyte of NB4 cells induced by all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and whether PADI4 is involved in the inflammatory cytokines expression. METHODS: Granulocyte differentiation model of NB4 cells induced by ATRA was established. The cell morphology changes were observed by Wright-Giemsa staining. The expression of cell differentiation marker CD11b was analyzed by flow cytometry. The mRNA and protein expression of PADI4 was detected by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. The expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α and interleukin (IL) 1β was analyzed by ELISA, and also examined with the knockdown of PADI4 expression by siRNA. RESULTS: After NB4 cells induced by ATRA, the cytoplasm increased and the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic was reduced. Nuclear dented, and rod-shaped nucleus, lobulated phenomenon increased (P<0.05). Flow cytometry analysis results showed that the cell surface molecule CD11b expression increased (P<0.01). RT-PCR and Western blot showed the expression of PADI4 increased at both transcriptional and translational levels during the process of the differentiation. ELISA showed TNF-α and IL-1β secretion increased in differentiated macrophages, while they could be inhibited by PADI4-specific siRNA. CONCLUSION During the differentiation into granulocyte of NB4 cells induced by ATRA, PADI4 expression increased. Furthermore, PADI4 appeared to play a critical role in inflammatory cytokines secretion.
Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cytokines/metabolism* ; Granulocytes ; Humans ; Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute ; Protein-Arginine Deiminase Type 4/metabolism* ; Tretinoin/pharmacology*

BACKGROUND: Granulocyte transfusion (GTx) is performed as a supportive therapy in severe neutropenic patients caused by various conditions. The study aimed to analyze the hematologic parameters of donors, patients, and granulocyte concentrates to predict successful GTx. METHODS: This study was performed in 281 donors, with their granulocyte concentrates being collected through apheresis, and in 54 severe neutropenic patients who had various hematologic diseases. Complete blood cell counts of donors pre- and post-apheresis, granulocyte concentrates, and patients pre- and post-GTx were analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups according to survival at discharge (Group S, survival; Group D, dead) to compare various factors including age, infection status, pre- and post-GTx total white blood cell counts (TWBCC) and absolute neutrophil counts (ANC), total number of GTx, infused TWBCC and ANC per weight, and use of G-CSF during therapy. RESULTS: Overall data of patients showed that both TWBCC and ANC were significantly increased after GTx (median values at pre-GTx, TWBCC=0.40×109/L, ANC=0.14×109/L; post-GTx, TWBCC=0.57×109/L, ANC=0.29×109/L, both P<0.0001). After GTx, Group S (N=25) showed significantly higher TWBCC and ANC than Group D (N=29) (P=0.01 and P=0.04, respectively). Using different cutoff levels, post-GTx TWBCC greater than 0.5×109/L showed statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.01). None of the other factors showed statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION: The TWBCC and ANC after GTx were significant factors to predict patients' outcome. Therefore, follow-up of those two parameters may be helpful to select or consider other therapeutic modalities including additional GTx.
Blood Cell Count ; Blood Component Removal ; Follow-Up Studies ; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor ; Granulocytes ; Hematologic Diseases ; Humans ; Leukocyte Count ; Neutropenia ; Neutrophils ; Tissue Donors

Hematopoiesis has a pivotal role in the maintenance of body homeostasis. Ironically, several hematological disorder caused by chemicals, drugs, and other environmental factors lead to severe bone marrow failure. Current treatments like stem cell transplantation and immunosuppression remain ineffective to ameliorate this diseases. Therefore, a newtreatment to overcome this entity is necessary, one of them by promoting the usage of medicinal plants. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the hematopoiesis potency of S. javanica berries and leaves extracts in chloramphenicol (CMP)-induced aplastic anemia mice model. In this present study, several types of blood progenitor cell such as TER-119⁺VLA-4⁺ erythrocytes lineage, Gr-1⁺ granulocytes, and B220⁺ B-cell progenitor cells were evaluated by flow cytometry analysis. Accordingly, we revealed that S. javanica berries and leaves extracts significantly promoted TER-119⁺VLA-4⁺ erythrocytes lineage and Gr-1⁺ granulocytes after exposed by CMP. Thus, these results suggested that S. javanica berries and leaves extracts might have hematopoiesis activity in CMP-induced aplastic anemia mice model.
Anemia, Aplastic ; Animals ; B-Lymphocytes ; Bone Marrow ; Chloramphenicol ; Erythrocytes ; Flow Cytometry ; Fruit ; Granulocytes ; Hematopoiesis ; Homeostasis ; Immunosuppression ; Iron ; Mice ; Plants, Medicinal ; Sambucus ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells

granulocytes in the blood. This study evaluated the clinical utility of DNI as a severity and prediction marker in critically ill patients with burn sepsis.METHODS: One hundred and sixty nine patients admitted to the burn care unit were studied. DNI (the difference in leukocyte subfractions identified by myeloperoxidase and nuclear lobularity channels) was determined using a specific blood cell analyzer.RESULTS: Seventy one patients (42 %) were diagnosed with burn sepsis. DNI was significantly higher in patients with burn sepsis than in patients without (P < 0.01). Delta neutrophil index was a better indicator of burn sepsis than C-reactive protein, lactate, white blood cell count, HCO3, base excess, lactate, procalcitonin (odds ratio, 6.31; confidence interval 2.36~16.90; P < 0.01). And the receiver operating characteristic curves showed that delta neutrophil index, AUC 0.795 (95% confidence interval, 0.721~0.869; P < 0.05) was a better predictor of burn sepsis than lactate, procalcitonin, white blood cell, base excess and abbreviated burn severity index.CONCLUSION: Delta neutrophil index may be used as a early marker of patients with burn sepsis.]]>
Area Under Curve ; Biomarkers ; Blood Cells ; Burns ; C-Reactive Protein ; Critical Illness ; Granulocytes ; Humans ; Lactic Acid ; Leukocyte Count ; Leukocytes ; Neutrophils ; Peroxidase ; ROC Curve ; Sepsis

Streptococcus pneumoniae causes many people to suffer from pneumonia, septicemia, and other diseases worldwide. To identify the difference in susceptibility of and treatment efficacy against S. pneumoniae in three ICR mouse stocks (Korl: ICR, A:ICR, and B:ICR) with different origins, mice were infected with 2 × 106, 2×107, and 2×108 CFU of S. pneumoniae D39 intratracheally. The survival of mice was observed until three weeks after the infection. The three stocks of mice showed no significant survival rate difference at 2 × 106 and 2 × 107 CFU. However, the lung and spleen weight in the A:ICR stock was significantly different from that in the other two stocks, whereas the liver weight in B:ICR stock was significantly lower than that in the other two stocks. Interestingly, no significant CFU difference in the organs was observed between the ICR stocks. The level of interferon gamma inducible protein 10 in Korl:ICR was significantly lower than that in the other two stocks. The level of granulocyte colony stimulating factor in B:ICR was significantly lower than in the other two stocks. However, tumor-necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 levels showed no significant difference between the ICR stocks. In the vancomycin efficacy test after the S. pneumoniae infection, both the single-dose and double-dose vancomycin-treated groups showed a significantly better survival rate than the control group. There was no significant survival difference between the three stocks. These data showed that Korl:ICR, A:ICR, and B:ICR have no susceptibility difference to the S. pneumoniae D39 serotype 2.
Animals ; Colony-Stimulating Factors ; Granulocytes ; Interferons ; Interleukin-6 ; Liver ; Lung ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Pneumonia ; Sepsis ; Serogroup ; Spleen ; Streptococcus pneumoniae ; Streptococcus ; Survival Rate ; Treatment Outcome ; Vancomycin ; Virulence

BACKGROUND: Flow cytometry analysis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is significantly affected by the methodology used. The lack of data on the effect of age and refrigeration on PNH clone stability motivated us to study these aspects using flow cytometry. METHODS: Peripheral blood was collected from six patients, of which two presented with PNH. All samples were tested immediately and stored at room temperature (RT, 20–25℃) and at 4℃ for re-analysis at 24, 48, 72 hr and 7 days. Anti-CD59-fluorescein isothiocyanate (Beckman Coulter, USA) and anti-CD235a-phycoerythrin (PE; Beckman Coulter) were used to stain red blood cells (RBCs). Fluorescein-labeled proaerolysin (Cedarlane, Canada), anti-CD15-PE (Beckman Coulter), anti-CD24-PE-cyanin 5 (Beckman Coulter), and anti-CD45-PE-cyanin 7 (Beckman Coulter) were used to stain granulocytes. Flow cytometry was performed using a FC500 flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter). The effects of time and temperature were analyzed using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: No significant differences in the gated percentage of RBCs and PNH clone size of RBCs were observed between the RT and 4℃ groups up to 7 days of testing. The percentage of gated neutrophils decreased with specimen age (P<0.001) and a better correlation with baseline was obtained at 4℃ than at RT (P=0.014). Neutrophil PNH clones were stable until 48 hr and 72 hr at RT and 4℃, respectively, and could not be analyzed at 7 days. CONCLUSIONS: RBC analysis was successfully performed up to 7 days. For neutrophils, testing within 48 hr is recommended, because the number of gated cells decreases significantly with age.
Clone Cells ; Erythrocytes ; Flow Cytometry ; Granulocytes ; Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal ; Humans ; Neutrophils ; Refrigeration