INTRODUCTION: Foreign body (FB) ingestion is a common paediatric emergency. While guidelines exist for urgent intervention, less is known of the natural progress of FBs passing through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). We reviewed these FB transit times in an outpatient cohort. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on all children (≤18 years) treated for radiopaque FB ingestion at two major tertiary paediatric centres from 2015 to 2016. Demographic data, FB types, outcomes and hospital visits (emergency department [ED] and outpatient) were recorded. All cases discharged from the ED with outpatient follow-up were included. We excluded those who were not given follow-up appointments and those admitted to inpatient wards. We categorised the outcomes into confirmed passage (ascertained via abdominal X-ray or reported direct stool visualisation by patients/caregivers) and assumed passage (if patients did not attend follow-up appointments). RESULTS: Of the 2,122 ED visits for FB ingestion, 350 patients who were given outpatient follow-up appointments were reviewed (median age 4.35 years [range: 0.5-14.7], 196 [56%] male). The largest proportion (16%) was aged 1-2 years. Coins were the most common ingested FB, followed by toys. High-risk FB (magnets or batteries) formed 9% of cases ( n =33). The 50 th centile for FB retention was 8, 4 and 7 days for coins, batteries and other radiopaque FBs, respectively; all confirmed passages occurred at 37, 7 and 23 days, respectively. Overall, 197 (68%) patients defaulted on their last given follow-up. CONCLUSION This study provides insight into the transit times of FB ingested by children, which helps medical professionals to decide on the optimal time for follow-up visits and provide appropriate counsel to caregivers.
Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Eating ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Foreign Bodies/diagnostic imaging* ; Gastrointestinal Tract/diagnostic imaging* ; Gastrointestinal Transit ; Retrospective Studies ; Singapore ; Tertiary Care Centers

In recent years, advancements have been made in both basic and surgical research of slow-transit constipation (STC). However, compelling references for surgeons in the clinical practice of STC have been lacking, particularly on preoperative evaluation and the choice of surgical procedures. In order to further standardize the diagnosis, assessment and surgical management of STC, Chinese Medical Doctor Association Anorectal Doctor Branch and its Functional Diseases Committee selected relevant experts in the field of STC surgery in China to form the Editorial and Review Committee of the Expert Consensus on Diagnosis, Evaluation and Surgical Management of STC in China. By meticulously reviewing relevant literature from both domestic and international sources and integrating the clinical expertise of the panel of experts, the committee has formulated 20 recommendations. These recommendations aim to establish standardized processes for surgical diagnosis and treatment of STC, ultimately elevating the overall diagnostic and therapeutic standards for STC across China.
Humans ; Consensus ; Gastrointestinal Transit ; Constipation/surgery* ; Colectomy ; China

The causes of constipation are extremely complex and are still not fully clear. In addition to secondary factors such as organic diseases and drugs, constipation may also be related to genetics, diet, intestinal flora, age, gender and so on. At present, according to the etiology, chronic constipation is divided into primary constipation and secondary constipation. However, there are significant differences among current clinical guidelines in the clinical classification of primary constipation. Some guidelines classify primary constipation as slow-transit constipation (STC), outlet obstruction constipation (OOC), and mixed constipation; however, some guidelines classify primary constipation as STC, defecation disorder (DD), mixed constipation, and normal-transit constipation (NTC); what's more, some even propose types which are different from the above sub-types. There are also differences in the understanding of the relationship between functional constipation (FC) and primary constipation and the classification of irritable bowel syndrome predominant constipation (IBS-C) among various clinical guidelines. By reviewing domestic and international guidelines and relevant literature on constipation, the following conclusions are drawn: primary constipation can be divided into IBS-C and FC, and FC can be further divided into STC, OOC, and mixed constipation; primary constipation should not be confused with FC, nor should IBS-C be classified as FC.
Humans ; Irritable Bowel Syndrome/complications* ; Constipation/etiology* ; Gastrointestinal Transit

Shouhui Tongbian Capsules was used to explore the therapeutic effect and potential mechanism on slow transit constipation model mice induced by loperamide hydrochloride. In the experiment, loperamide hydrochloride-induced ICR mice were used as the model of slow transit constipation. Fifty ICR mice were divided into the blank group, model group and high, medium and low dose groups of Shouhui Tongbian Capsules extract(100, 200 and 400 mg·kg~(-1)). The model group and the administration groups were then modeled using loperamide hydrochloride intragastrically to obtain slow transit constipation. After successful modeling, high, medium and low doses of drugs were given to each drug group by intragastric administration. After 14 days of administration, the first defecation time, 6 h defecation grain number, 6 h defecation wet weight and dry weight, black feces discharged within 6 h and the fecal water content were measured. Intestinal tissues were taken for c-Kit and SCF immunohistochemical sections to detect the expression of c-Kit and SCF in the blank group, model group and high, medium and low dose groups of the medicinal extract of Shouhui Tongbian Capsules. The tissue changes in the intestinal wall of mice were detected by HE staining. At the same time, partial intestinal tissues were taken to test the activity of ATP synthase and isocitrate dehydrogenase in intestinal tissues of mice. RESULTS:: showed that Shouhui Tongbian Capsules effectively improved the symptoms of slow transit constipation in ICR mice and promoted intestinal movement. Shouhui Tongbian Capsules obviously shortened the time of discharging black stool for the first time, improved the intestinal propulsion rate, increased the water content and amount of feces, and improved the constipation symptoms. Mechanism study revealed that Shouhui Tongbian Capsules increased ATP synthase activity and mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase activity in intestinal tissue, and up-regulated c-Kit/SCF signaling pathway to promote interstitial Cajal cells proliferation, intestinal nerve transmission, intestinal motility and transport capacity.
Animals ; Capsules ; Constipation/drug therapy* ; Gastrointestinal Transit ; Loperamide ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Opioids cause gastrointestinal (GI) dysmotility, decrease gut secretion, and affect gut sphincters. Symptoms of opioid-induced bowel dysfunction may be alleviated by peripherally acting opioid antagonists like naloxegol, but detailed knowledge on GI effects of this drug is lacking. We hypothesized that naloxegol, compared to placebo, would reduce GI transit time and colonic fecal volume in opioid-treated healthy participants. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, single-center, 2-way cross-over study in 24 healthy males, randomized to a 6 day treatment period of oxycodone (15 mg twice a day) co-administered with either naloxegol (25 mg once a day) or matching placebo. Participants swallowed an electromagnetic capsule which determined GI transit times. Colonic fecal volume was quantified with magnetic resonance imaging both pre-treatment and post-treatment. RESULTS: Naloxegol reduced total GI transit time by 21% (56 hours vs 71 hours, P = 0.02) and colonic transit time by 23% (45 hours vs 59 hours, P < 0.01), compared to placebo. However, no difference in colonic fecal volume was found (818 mL vs 884 mL, P = 0.20). CONCLUSIONS: Short-term administration of naloxegol in healthy participants reverses the retardation of total GI and colonic transit induced by oxycodone. This supports the use of naloxegol in the treatment of GI side effects to opioid treatment, and add knowledge to the current understanding of mechanisms behind peripherally-acting opioid antagonists.
Analgesics, Opioid ; Colon ; Constipation ; Cross-Over Studies ; Gastrointestinal Transit ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Magnets ; Male ; Narcotic Antagonists ; Oxycodone

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Timed barium esophagram (TBE) is used the classification of esophageal motility disorders and assessing esophageal function. Currently, there are no published studies examining the relationship between high-resolution manometry and TBE in patients with esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO). This study seeks to evaluate this relationship and identify manometric variables that may indicate further evaluation using TBE. METHODS: Retrospective review of medical records identified patients with a diagnosis of EGJOO per the Chicago classification version 3.0. TBE was performed using standard protocol. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on complete emptying or persistence of standing barium column at 5 minutes. RESULTS: Eleven patients were identified with EGJOO who underwent both high-resolution manometry and TBE within 3 months. Five patients had no standing barium column at 5 minutes, while 6 patients had a persistent barium column. Mean age of each group was 54.0 years and 57.8 years, respectively. Patients with abnormal TBE were found to have significantly elevated intrabolus pressure (IBP) compared with patients who had a normal TBE. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, we found significant differences in IBP between these patient groups. These findings suggest that patients with EGJOO and elevated IBP may prompt further clinical evaluation with TBE in order to clarify clinical diagnosis and guide therapeutic intervention.
Barium ; Classification ; Diagnosis ; Esophageal Motility Disorders ; Esophagogastric Junction ; Gastrointestinal Transit ; Humans ; Manometry ; Medical Records ; Retrospective Studies

Slow transit constipation (STC) is the most common type of chronic constipation, and surgical treatment is one of the most important means for the treatment of slow transit constipation. With the introduction of the concept of STC and the normalization of STC treatment, development of surgical treatment in slow transit constipation is continuous, and the innovation of the operation method in slow transit constipation is continuous as well from partial colectomy, total colectomy (including ileorectal anastomosis, anorectal anastomosis and ileum bag anal canal anastomosis) to subtotal colectomy (including ileosigmoid colon anastomosis, isoperistaltic cecum rectal anastomosis and antiperistaltic cecum rectal anastomosis). Among these procedures, total colectomy ileorectal anastomosis is the ideal surgical procedure for the treatment of STC. Recent studies revealed that subtotal colectomy cecum rectal anastomosis could also achieve good efficacy. In addition, the other procedures for the treatment of STC include ileostomy, anterograde colonic lavage and colon exclusion, but it is necessary to strictly grasp the indications. With the development of minimally invasive technology, the application of laparoscopic technology in STC has been emphasized gradually. In general, the operation method has experienced from simple to complex and individual choice; from single surgical approach to multiple surgical methods; from abdominal open surgery to laparoscopic minimally invasive surgery. Relieving constipation symptoms and reducing the incidence of complications is the goal of surgical treatment that has always been the pursuit of STC surgery. The surgical method with good efficacy, small trauma, quick recovery and less complications must be designed to meet the individualized needs of patients with different constipations. In this paper, the efficacy and progress of surgical treatment of slow transit constipation from the generation and development are reviewed.
Anastomosis, Surgical ; Colectomy ; Constipation ; surgery ; Gastrointestinal Transit ; Humans ; Rectum ; Treatment Outcome

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Wireless motility capsule (WMC) detects the ileocolic junction (ICJ) in most non-operated patients. We find no data concerning this examination in patients where the ileocolic valve is replaced by a per definition incompetent, surgically created ICJ. We wanted to see if WMC could detect the ICJ after a right colectomy and assess the competency. METHODS: Prospective cohort study using a within-subject design to eliminate subject-subject variability. Selected patients operated with right colectomy underwent 3 WMC examinations (pre-operatively, 3 weeks, and 6 months after surgery). RESULTS: Twenty patients (8 men) included, 7 (4 men) excluded due to poor recordings (4) and unforeseen events (3). Thirteen patients (4 men), median age 63 years completed 3 tests. Median bowel lengths removed were 11 cm for ileum and 21 cm for colon. Thirty-nine examinations analyzed by 2 physicians who found all 13 ICJs at 3 examinations with high inter-rater reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient: 0.99, 0.91, and 0.99 respectively), whereas the computer found 9, 8, and 10 out of the 13 ICJs, respectively. Computed values significantly more often deviated from the 2 raters. Mean magnitude and duration of pH-drop at the ICJ (3 examinations) was 1.16–1.02–1.13 pH units and 3.15–4.78–3.75 minutes, respectively. pH-drop was smaller and duration longer at 3 weeks. We found no differences between the pre-operative (competent ICJ) and post-operative 6-month examinations (incompetent ICJ). Highest pressure immediately prior to ICJ was equal before and after surgery. CONCLUSION: WMC can identify the non-physiological ICJ after right colectomy. Ileocolic competence cannot be assessed.
Cohort Studies ; Colectomy ; Colon ; Gastrointestinal Motility ; Gastrointestinal Transit ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Ileum ; Mental Competency ; Prospective Studies*

OBJECTIVETo establishment and verify pelvic nerve denervation (PND) model in mice.

METHODS(1) Establishment of models. Seventy-two healthy male SPE class C57 mice with age of 7 weeks and body weight of (25±1) g were chosen. These 72 mice were randomly divided into PND group containing 36 mice and sham operation group containing 36 mice. Referring to the establishment method of PND rats, after anesthesia, a laparotomy was performed on the mouse with an abdominal median incision. Under the dissection microscope, the pelvic nerves behind and after each sides of the prostate gland were bluntly separated with cotton swabs and cut with a dissecting scissor. After the operation, the urination of mice was assisted twice every day. For the mice of sham operation group, the pelvic nerves were only exposed without cutting. (2) Detection of models. Colonic transit test was performed in 18 mice chosen randomly from each group to detect the colonic transit ratio (colored colon by methylene blue/ whole colon) and visceral sensitivity tests was performed in the rest mice to observe and record the changes of electromyogram.

RESULTSThree mice died of colonic transit test in each group. Uroschesis occurred in all the mice of PND group and needed bladder massage to assist the urination. Colonic transit test showed that the colonic transit ratios of sham operation group at postoperative day (POD) 1, 3 and 7 were (0.4950±0.3858)%, (0.6386±0.1293)% and (0.6470±0.1088)% without significant difference (F=0.3647, P=0.058), while in PND group, the colonic transit ratio at POD 7 [(0.6044±0.1768) %] was obviously higher than that both at POD 3[(0.3876±0.1364)%, P=0.022] and POD 1[(0.2542±0.0371)%, P=0.001], indicating a recovery trend of colonic transit function (F=9.143, P=0.004). Compared with the sham operation group, the colonic transit function in PND group decreased significantly at POD 1 and POD 3(both P<0.05), and at POD 7, there was no significant difference between two groups. Visceral sensitivity test showed that the visceral sensitivity of sham operation group at POD 1, 3 and 7 was 24.2808±9.5566, 33.6725±7.9548 and 43.9086±12.1875 with significant difference (F=5.722, P=0.014). The visceral sensitivity of PND group at POD 1, 3 and 7 was 11.7609±2.1049, 21.8415±8.1527 and 26.2310±4.2235 with significant difference as well (F=11.154, P=0.001). The visceral sensitivity at POD 3 and POD 7 was obviously higher than that at POD 1 (P=0.006, P<0.001), and there was no significant difference between POD 3 and POD 7 (P=0.183). Compared with sham operation group, the visceral sensitivity of PND group decreased significantly at POD 1, 3 and 7(all P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSDenervation of pelvic nerves can obviously decrease the colonic transit function and the visceral sensitivity of mice, but these changes can recover over time, which suggests that the establishment of PND model in mice is successful.

Abdominal Pain ; physiopathology ; Animals ; Autonomic Pathways ; growth & development ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Colon ; innervation ; physiopathology ; Denervation ; methods ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gastrointestinal Transit ; physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nerve Tissue ; growth & development ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Pain, Postoperative ; physiopathology ; Pelvis ; innervation ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Prostate ; innervation ; Recovery of Function ; physiology

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Post-operative ileus (POI) is a common complication of abdominal surgery. DA-9701, an extract of Pharbitis Semen and Corydalis Tuber, is a new prokinetic agent that also alleviates visceral pain. The aim of this study was to investigate whether DA-9701 can ameliorate POI in rats. METHODS: A total of 32 rats were divided into 4 groups: no surgery/no medication (NSNM), no surgery/medication (NSM), surgery/no medication (SNM), and surgery/medication (SM). Gastrointestinal transit (GIT), which is assessed by migration of charcoal, and cumulative stool weight were measured at 24 hours after surgery. RESULTS: GIT was significantly more delayed in the SNM group than in the other groups (SNM vs NSNM, P < 0.001; SNM vs NSM, P < 0.001; SNM vs SM, P = 0.005). Cumulative stool weight in that group was also lower than in the no surgery groups (SNM vs NSNM, P = 0.007; SNM vs NSM, P = 0.033), and there was no significant difference between the SM group and the no surgery groups (SM vs NSM, P = 0.703; SM vs NSNM, P = 0.347). CONCLUSION: DA-9701 can ameliorate POI by reducing delayed GIT and improving defecation in a rat model of POI.
Animals ; Charcoal ; Corydalis ; Defecation ; Gastrointestinal Transit ; Ghrelin ; Ileus* ; Models, Animal ; Rats* ; Semen ; Visceral Pain